Concept & Theories of Organizational HRM-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Concept and Theories of Organizational HRM. Answer: Presentation Scientists depict the basic ideas and hypotheses of hierarchical human asset the board as a response against a regularizing idea concerning the usefulness and execution of the HRM of an association (Alam, Masum, Beh, Hong, 2016). As it were, it helps in featuring the intrinsic logical inconsistencies influencing the regulating point of view of the HRM capacities and execution. It is subsequently a point of view that embraces the accessible exhibition holes in the presentation of an association. In a precise report, Miles (2017) call attention to that while different associations guarantee that the workers are a basic resource of the association and are consequently answerable for making numerous responsibilities for their turn of events and government assistance. Actually the businesses regularly power an unbending key control giving the enthusiasm of the organization the need over the workforce of the association (Greenwood Van Buren, 2017). This article audits the writing on the di fferent basic parts of the HRM with an emphasis on culture, advancement and preparing, decent variety the board, and inner execution the executives. Subsequently, it gives foundation data on the regulating hypothesis of the HRM concerning No Name Aircraft as a contextual analysis association. The paper at that point finishes up with proposed suggestions that can be embraced by the organization to guarantee the business is continued with progress in quality. Foundation data on the basic ideas and speculations Initially, the capacity of the HRM in an association was an obligation of the work force the board who had the organization, modern relations, and government assistance as the center capacities as brought up by Buren (2017). Be that as it may, the faculty the board was intensely scrutinized as it turned into the dumping site for other undesirable obligations, a perspective that made it less rewarded inside the association. As other administration capacities like showcasing, account, and so forth appreciated force, high compensation, and notoriety, the faculty the board was treated as less significant inside the association, an angle that prompted the rise of the HRM. The HRM figured out how to experience the analysis and increase validity in the hierarchical administration empowering the office to secure vital concentration towards appropriate representatives the executives and authoritative presentation. As per Guinot, Chiva, and Mallen (2016), the HRM had its obligations based on two basic speculations. These incorporated the Michigan hypothesis that received a key methodology connecting workforce the executives to the system of the association and Harvard model that underscored on the coordination and usefulness of the HR. The two models received a unitary point of view fusing impact, common objectives, regard, duty, and prizes that later brought about worker responsibility and better outcomes for both the workforce and the association. The unitary point of view of the speculations hypothesized that what is basic for the association ought to too be fundamental for the representatives, a perspective that changed the focal point of authoritative administration to powerful business relationship towards the accomplishment of the set workforce and hierarchical objectives. As per Jackson (2012), the two models framed the prescriptive or the regulating HRM hypothesis or model as basic human asset ideas fusing approach and hierarchical objectives based on the vital mix as brought up by Shen, Tang and D'Netto (2014). It is from the hypotheses that attention on the way of life of the association; preparing and advancement, decent variety the executives, and global execution the executives were given the all important focal point in the successful and reasonable execution of the association. For the situation study, the exhibition of No Name Aircraft must be a concern to the CEO making it an inside phase of worry to the representatives, the clients, and every single other partner of the organization. It is in cooperating with every one of its auxiliaries in China, Vietnam, and Singapore that will help the association not exclusively to move in the direction of boosting the arrival to investors and in its speculations yet in addition increment the nature of creation and advantage to the workforce. Culture Authoritative culture is characterized as a reasonable portion of qualities and convictions inside an association that helps in forming the example of workers conduct inside the association. Greenwood and Van Buren (2017) characterize it as the main thrust that arranges the commitment and exertion of the individuals inside an association while giving a comprehensive comprehension of what should be accomplished and how it ought to be finished. It likewise centers around how objectives are interrelated inside an association just as how every representative can achieve the objectives. As such, it is the way wherein an association keeps its workforce in accordance with the set targets. In a methodical report, Shen, Tang, and D'Netto (2014) bring up that human asset the board regularly has a difficult duty in guaranteeing the association receives a culture that is valuable to both the representatives and the business. It is the full obligation of the HRM to utilize the certified faculty, help them to grasp the authoritative culture with a point building up their expert capacities to support the association (Stone, 2016). For example, it is the obligation of OMeara to guarantee that the HR offices in all the auxiliaries of the organization in Singapore, China, and Vietnam move in the direction of accomplishing the set business destinations that meet the work approaches inside their area. As it were, the demonstration of keeping away from people living with handicap in China is illegal, an angle that can cause the organization beyond a reasonable doubt with regards to the spotlight of the people in question. As it were, OMeara as the CEO is answerable for the correspondence breakdown, cooperation, quality creation, and combination of the authoritative exercises over the association. He ought to subsequently guarantee that the association embraces a culture that arranges the HRM divisions over the au xiliaries to guarantee improvement in the general execution of the Aircraft. A decent hierarchical culture ought to guarantee that any need of progress inside the authoritative execution is done while including the administration as well as the representatives also Jackson (2012). A similar report signifies that the essential HRM capacities, for example, determination, enrollment, and preparing impact the steadiness and execution of the association. On the side of the statement, Guinot, Chiva, and Mallen (2016) signify that these capacities are the significant determinants of the workers conduct just as the expert qualities they manufacture that lead to the improvement of powerful authoritative culture. At the end of the day, the successful presentation of the airplane just as the workers is enormously dictated by the HRM division. It has the obligation of coordinating the administration, arrangements and gauges, working condition, representatives, and the board to decidedly influence the conduct and improve positive deduction towards the activities of the as sociation towards the workforce in this way prompting positive outcomes and consumer loyalty. Preparing and Development As per Stone (2016), preparing and improvement are a general term for the exercises that are planned for building up the expert aptitudes and information just as the capacities of the workers in the association. As such, preparing and improvement include exercises that furnish the workers with the ideal skills with the point of meeting both the future and the present objectives of the association. The human asset the board inside an association regularly embraces such exercises, and mediation methodologies with the point of helping the association to build up a functioning, connected with, and high-performing workforce. It is subsequently intended to assist the workforce with adopting procedures that will give them dynamic abilities and information for improved execution inside the association. In numerous associations, improvement and preparing of workers are an obligation of the HRM as called attention to by Salas and Weaver (2016). Be that as it may, the relationship regularly relies upon the collaboration, powerful correspondence, and away from of information and aptitudes as characterized in the authoritative work portrayal. For the situation study, a few holes are apparent inside the human asset works in all the auxiliaries with regards to preparing and advancement of the organization workforce. For example, there is a requirement for preparing in the chain of command of correspondence on challenges that are influencing the association. The representatives likewise need ideas on the significance of cooperation inside the different divisions just as between the three auxiliaries. The officials inside each division of the organization likewise should be prepared on how they can successfully incorporate their administration aptitudes to arrange the representatives under them, a viewpoint that will help in guaranteeing there is a cross enterprise, correspondence, and assignment mixes. It is subsequently clear that the HRM of the association has neglected to play out its obligations as required. It implies that the estimations of the association should make the representatives exceptionally anxious to accomplish their expert objectives, an angle that requires the selection of the worker's improvement projects to guarantee this is accomplished as delineated by Dyer and Preston (2000). In the worldwide business field, Hyuntak and Eugene (2016) characterize preparing and advancement as help gave by the inside human asset proficiency inside an association through additional instruction with the point of improving the presentation procedure. The two words improvement and preparing are entwined however regularly mirror the part of ceaselessly improving the abilities of the representatives towards better

National Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

National Government - Essay Example The Constitution as the incomparable tradition that must be adhered to engages the legislature to the lawful rights to control the activity of the organizations. There has been an ascent in government guideline with time. All things considered, the business network has circumspect opportunity of activity. Understanding the US Government business relations requires colleague with the qualities of the economy itself. The United States has an all around broadened economy with a mechanical base. It is an industrialist kind of economy with undersized open ventures and loads of exclusive enterprises. The achievement of the economy is because of control instead of the possession by the administration. These organizations are extensive in look for business sectors, working in transparency, and legal procedures take a middle stage in compromise. Incredible regard is anyway owed to the current legitimate and financial structures (Porter, 3) The administration guideline is authorizing and authorization. Ventures are required to be enrolled to begin tasks. The US additionally has countless companies who, as an essential, require a sanction to initiate activities. The equivalent is required for the organizations and constrained obligation organizations. The approach producers, subsequently, screen the activity of these undertakings. The US economy encountered an absolute financial change in most recent three decades. In the 1974 Summit Conference on Inflation, thirty unmistakable financial analysts made a report to the then President Ford along with the congressmen. The report gave solid suggestions to upgrade the economy. These included rebuilding valuing and getting rid of out of date enactments that brought about wastefulness. These strategies created and fortify the banking, transportation, media communications and protection areas (Porter, 10). In 1789, George Washingtons goodbye discourse had one significant message concerning US international strategy, abstain from trapping coalitions. To a few, these words were astute,

Persuasive Memo Approval Of Public Relations Plan

Question: Author a letter on endorsement of advertising plan. Answer: To: CEO Bertrand Green From: Director of advertising Subject: Approval of Public relations plan Our organization, Easy to Be Green, is planned for monitoring the earth. It is earth well disposed and has great relations with the network. From ongoing exploration, it is clear that our nearby contacts are not as much intrigued by our locale relations activities; this has prompted a slight fall in deals. Being the advertising chief, am proactive to the organization's locale relations. These occasions that have happened might not have any effect on the organization, however I might want to follow up on them to ensure the organization. From the perspective on our parking garage, the greater part of our workers drive vehicles that are gas guzzlers, for example, SUVs and pick-ups. The organization's administration and conveyance vans are additionally not exceptionally ecological cordial. From my exploration, have discovered a neighborhood crossover vehicle broker, who has an intriguing arrangement to offer. Representatives working for an organization that will buy half and halves as organization vans will get discounts on the off chance that they buy crossovers for themselves. A mixture vehicle uses over a solitary mean of impetus for example diesel and an electric motor(Fenn, 2016). Its uses less fuel and discharge less carbon dioxide making it all the more ecologically friendly(Webster, 2016). Our organization being worried about ecological protection, it ought to think about purchasing a couple of half and half vehicles and convince representatives to buy crossovers for themselves. This is my conditional arrangement to shield our organization from being blamed for false reverence and to improve our locale relations. The numerous points of interest that mixture vehicles have will exceed the disadvantages(Fenn, 2016). It is exorbitant to buy however over the long haul it will spare a ton on fuel costs and will moderate the earth which is the primary crucial our organization. Representatives will set a genuine model for the network by utilizing these half and half vehicles. The vast majority love to gain from the activity, and this will be a decent stage to teach the individuals in the network how to viably be natural neighborly. This will improve our advertising. The representatives will be associated with organization exercises; this inspires them and in the long haul there will be certain outcomes from the organization. I thus as of now look for your endorsement to seek after this arrangement. References Fenn, K. (2016, June 1). Cross breed Vehicles-Advantages and Disadvantages. Recovered from https://www.preventclimatechange.co.uk: https://www.preventclimatechange.co.uk/half and half vehicles.html Webster, T. (2016, September 22). What is a mixture vehicle? Recovered from https://www.whatcar.com: https://www.whatcar.com/news/cross breed vehicle/

From Acres of Diamonds essays

From Acres of Diamonds papers In Russell H. Conwells paper, From Acres of Diamonds, he discusses cash being the base of everyones reason to live. So as to help and contend Conwells thoughts the standards from the maxims on cash can be taken a gander at. Cash is something that is commonly acknowledged as a mode of trade, a proportion of significant worth, riches figured as far as cash, or a methods for installment (as indicated by the Encyclopedia Britannica. Cash makes life as we know it possible and ever individual needs cash so as to endure. In a short rundown of exercises, summed up by Greg Herrick, Ph.D. on the maxims and the possibility of cash, there are eleven standards which the Bible states corresponding to cash. One statement taken from the holy book is, Righteous individuals can have incredible wealth that include no difficulty. The more genuine an individual is the more cash he can account since nothing is keeping him down. The more legitimate an individual is the more individuals believe that individual and need to work under that individual, which makes the genuine man a rich and well off man. As Conwell states, The men who get rich might be the most genuine men you find in the network. Both the Bible and Conwell express that cash is at the range of every single individual however never let that cash become your adoration in light of the fact that The affection for cash is the base of all shrewd. Cash makes individuals rich with regards to materialistic things, which achieves influence. Never take that cash and become covetous for ones own prosperity. Insatiability is one of the seven sins in the Bible; this consistently prompts issues for that covetous individual at long last. As expressed in the Bible, Do not charge extreme intrigue; equity will win. On the off chance that an individual reveres cash that individual will wind up with less companions, all the more family issues, and so forth. Cash can be a fortunate or unfortunate thing in ones life relying upon what viewpoint an individual glances at cash. As Conwell contends, The man that wor... <!

Why Millennials Are Not Everyone - Free Essay Example

A young male, 18-year-old is at home watching the news with his family when news suddenly came on the tv talking about hunting seasons seeing how it decrease from 1999 to 2018. In his mind, he thinks the reason why is that people are not into hunting nowadays. When a reporter was interviewing an older male, he said   To me personally I think the reason why people are not into hunting is with these phones. That all people are playing on. Then the 18-year olds dad said,   Dum millennials you are your phones you keep playing all day.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why do parents and older generations kept blaming millennials for problems that are not to blame.? Some people say that the millennials generation was born and raised into the ear of the internet and smartphones. Making them lose concentration in classes and addicted to being on their phones twenty-four hours. Playing video games all day, not communicating with family, and not doing their task that they are told to do. It is amazing, yet sad. People keep blaming the millennials for the reasons of how our society. Reasons include not being interactive with family, always being on their phones, not working hard to earn their education, and caring more about themselves   society changes that a fact but what shapes society is the individuals. How the individual acts it develops the future generations. At the end of all the reason, people nowadays tend to forget some universal common sense, for example, how a person has raised a big factor for the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example is how the family of the individual is going through like facing depression. From the 1960s to present teens face depression it has increased due to social media users. Those who do not get treatment face depression it can lead to committing suicide, and that number has raised from the 1960s as well. These things with depression have many reasons for the cause. However, some factors of depression are around childhood trauma from abusive parents, saw something that individual was not supposed to see, or death. How does this connect to people blaming millennials? It surrounds the parents of the individual making them as they are letting people blame them on their actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is one flaw that people say about millennials is that the generation is no longer active. The generation was born from 1981 to 1996 (ages 22 to 37 in 2018). Post-millennials and generation z call the generation after 1996. Some may see there no difference that why they keep calling people millennials but there is a difference to each generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are millennials and what makes them different from gen z? First thing Millennials are from the 1980s to 1996 there were born after baby boomer generation from 1946-1980s   an interesting fact according to article baby boomers where first-generation nicknamed me generation. Millennials were an optimistic generation that seen as being pandered to by parents and adults in their lives. Gen Z, on the other hand, is more pragmatic while Millennials were raised during an economic boom, Gen Z grew up during the recession. The millennials were shaped by the financial pressure that occurred during their childhood years, when their parents and communities may have been struggling with employment and finances. Thus, the most successful marketing toward Gen Z focuses on long-term value and smart investments. Gen Z tends to be more highly interested in saving money than millennials were at that age. Also, they attracted to purchases that maximize the value of every dollar, whereas millennials are more interested in the entire experience of buying a product. People now already know that millennials prefer brands that champion transparency and share their values. But Gen Z is even more obsessed with finding brands that feel authentic. For example, Dormify, a shop offering decor for small spaces, finds that darker, lower-quality imagery works best for Gen Z. Showing real customers before and after photos instead of photoshoots has brought the most success. The last difference that is big from Gen z is that millennials were in middle and high school, brand names were all the rage. Emblazoning t-shirts, jeans, and shoes with the hottest brands were how they showed your fashion sense. Now that they are adults, millennials may be willing to pay more for their preferred brands. Gen Z, on the other hand, does not want to be defined by any brand other than their own. They want to celebrate own independence, and they use social media to find communities where they feel they belong. There are more differences between them but these where big ones that break them apart from each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is Gene Z ( Generation Z) and what makes them different from millennials? Gene Z is born from 1997 to 2010 after Gene Z is the Snowflake generations from the 2010s to the present. Snowflakes generation are an overly sensitive person who thinks the world revolves around them and gasp in horror when they hear an opinion they do not like and believe they have a right to be protected from anything unpalatable. People still tend to call Gene Z and Snowflakes as millennials its wrong. Gene Z is digital natives. They were born amidst smartphones, tablets, and flatscreen TVs, but unlike millennials, they learned them from babyhood. They are very independent learners. They use the internet for everything and learn from online tutorials. They have very short attention spans. The average is about 8 seconds. We have to bear this in mind if we want to reach them with a specific message. Gene Z   immersed in multitasking: they can watch a TV series, check a computer screen, and write a document at once. They have entrepreneurial ambitions. About 73 percent of the Generation Z teens dream about having their own business or implementing a business idea. And They are friends without borders. They contact other young people from their generation from other countries and travel to meet each other. Millennials are not everyone no matter what, or how many people say. Each generation is different and unique, and many will keep on saying millennial, millennial to an individual but with this data that has been told. Individuals should use it as a defense. Each new generation that comes to society will always change the shape of the world. References 12/2/18 Depression in Teens https://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/depression-teens 12/2/18 Teen depression https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985 Where Millennials end https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/defining-generations-where-millennials-end-and-post-millennials-begin/ 12/2/18 Generations X, Y, Z https://socialmarketing.org/archives/generations-xy-z-and-the-others/ 12/2/18 They Baby Boomers were Nickname Me generation https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/05/priority-baby-boomers-nicknamed-generation-due-perceived-narcissism/ 12/2/18Millennals vs Gen Z https://www.salesforce.com/blog/2017/10/how-millennials-and-gen-z-are-different.html 12/8/18 What is a Snowflake generation https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5115128/snowflake-generation-meaning-origin-term/ 12/8/18 Fifteen traits of Generation Z https://aleteia.org/2018/05/09/15-ways-generation-z-could-change-the-world/

Summary of Articles - 1650 Words

Summary of Articles: The Economist, The New York Times (Article Sample) Content: 5 Articles1. The EconomistTwo factors that involves in the market changes first one is demand and supply and other is market situation. In the demand and supply perspective price low when the supply in the market increase but demand will be low. In the recent history prices was very high due to more production.2. The New York timeControl to pollution and make a sound environment for the peoples. If the more rush in the roads then more pollution and global warming also then batter is transit system for lower pollution. But this is a politically issue and must be involve to government.3.In the last moment the Seahawks reached at that point where the come back on the game and took victory. These remarks are very honourable in the history of sports. At this moment ball never touched to the ground because in the past year has little away from the super Bowl champions.4. The wall street journalSupreme Court gave judgment on the low price in the market for access of goods. M any manufac...

Research Paper and Argument Topics - 4449 Words

1 The University Writing Center â€Å"Because writers need readers† Research Paper and Argument Topics Race and Ethnicity Gender and Sexuality Multiculturalism and Diversity Advertising and Marketing Economic Issues Environmental Issues Media Issues Consumerism and Convenience Culture TV and Film Sports and Entertainment Race and Ethnicity †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Should racial profiling be a legitimate law enforcement policy in some areas? Should Affirmative Action for state university enrollment be continued? Should the primary method of public school funding (property taxes in individual school districts) be amended to create more fairness in schools? If a university offers African-American Studies or Black Studies as courses, should it†¦show more content†¦Should communities retain the naming rights to baseball parks and football stadiums, or should businesses be allowed to purchase these rights? Does the modeling industry bear any responsibility to provide healthy, realistic physical role models for young wom en? Is the use of sexual imagery in ad campaigns unethical? Should tobacco and liquor advertising be allowed on television? Should all billboard advertising of alcohol be banned? Should tobacco and alcohol companies be allowed to use ad campaigns that could be considered child-friendly? Why are alcohol companies now allowed to advertise on television under certain conditions (after primetime, with responsible drinking messages in some ads, etc.)? Economic Issues †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Should the local sales tax be increased/decreased? Should sin taxes on alcohol and tobacco be increased to help pay for the increasing costs of medical care? Should Florida increase the use of toll roads to pay for local road improvements? Do local power and utility companies operate as monopolies? Should purchases made over the Internet be taxable? Should the government provide financial assistance to people whose retirement funds were invested in the stock of companies that may have used unethical accounting practices (i.e., Enron, Arthur Andersen, etc.)? UWC at UCF (407) 823-2197 http://uwc.cah.ucf.edu W:\UWC Archive\UWC Backup\UWC\HANDOUTS\Public Handouts\Lit Not on LitShow MoreRelatedWhy I Write A Research Paper900 Words   |  4 Pages39C is all about research papers, I put off my plan to take my major requirement class and take 39C first. I wanted to learn how to write a proper research paper before I take other classes because one of the major assignment in the major class will be a research paper. Coming to class, I had no idea what to expect and thought we just write the same thing as Writing 39B only with more outside sources. I did not know the difference between research papers and non research papers. 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Effects of Neighborhood Discrimination on Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1693 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: My Neighborhood Essay Did you like this example? Because the effects of racism can be devastating for the lives of people of color, research has been devoted to determining the link between discrimination and psychopathology. Numerous studies have discovered a link between perceptions of racial discrimination and the likelihood of developing MDD among people of color (Russell et al., 2018). Because racism is integrated into many societal contexts, Russell et al. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Neighborhood Discrimination on Depression" essay for you Create order (2018) explored the effects of discrimination within neighborhood settings on the development of MDD. Understanding the impact racial discrimination within a neighborhood has on depression offers a number of clinical implications and opportunities for change. Methods The sample in Russell et al.’s (2018) study consisted of 499 African American females from Georgia and Iowa. Each participant was the primary caregiver for an African American child and had a mean age of 37 years at the beginning of the study. Participants were interviewed every 2 to 3 years since the beginning of the study in 1997 for a total of five interviews. Samples were collected from racially and economically diverse neighborhood clusters that were based on data from the 1990 census. In sum, there were 21 neighborhood clusters from Iowa and 19 clusters from Georgia. (Russell et al., 2018). To collect data from the participants, a number of different questionnaires were administered via computer-assisted personal interviews to assess a number of different areas relating to characteristics of both the neighborhood and the individual. After each of the five waves of interviews, participants were given a diagnostic interview to assess for depression according to DSM-IV criteria. Once all data were collected, researchers ran a statistical analysis to highlight which environmental and individual factors are predictive of the development of MDD (Russell et al., 2018). Results Over the course of the study, 18% of the women in the study met symptoms for MDD. Experiences of racial discrimination in the neighborhood setting was positively related to the development of MDD and was found to be a more significant predictor of the development of MDD than individually experienced racism. This finding suggests that the more pervasive racism is, the stronger the effects are on mental health (Russell et al., 2018). In terms of individual characteristics predictive of the development of MDD, relationship quality was negatively associated with the development of MDD. Positive relationships were found to minimize the negative effects of discrimination on the development of MDD even at the neighborhood level, suggesting that healthy relationships can offset the harmful effects of pervasive racism (Russell et al., 2018). One last finding related to the lasting effects of racial discrimination within a neighborhood. Since the study used a longitudinal approach to research, the sample characteristic changed over time. In fact, half of the participants moved from their original neighborhood over the course of the study. The negative effects of racial discrimination from the previous neighborhood remained with the individual even in their new setting, suggesting that perceptions of how one’s racial group is treated have long-lasting effects. Additionally, even when removed from the discriminative neighborhood, beliefs that one will experience racism may lead to a more negative outlook (Russell et al., 2018). Strengths Russell et al.’s (2018) study features a number of apparent strengths. One strength is the size and characteristics of the sample. With just under 500 women, the size of the sample allows for a narrower margin of error, which allows any significant findings to be interpreted more confidently. In addition, because the sample was composed specifically of African American women, variations in results can be attributed to factors other than race or sex. Moreover, the study was longitudinal in its approach, which allowed for observations to be made at both the group and individual level. In addition, researchers could observe how the development of MDD is affected by the duration of living in neighborhoods characterized by discrimination. Another strength of the study is that the researchers removed women who, at any point in their lives, met criteria for MDD in the first round of interviews. Removing these women from the study created a sample that had a lower risk for developing depression (Russell et al., 2018). Because neighborhood discrimination contrib uted to the development of MDD in a low risk sample, the effects of discrimination can be considered strong. Finally, the current study produced meaningful research that elaborated the findings of former studies. For instance, a number of studies have determined that racial discrimination increases the likelihood of developing MDD (Russell et al., 2018). The study conducted by Russell et al. (2018) takes previous research further by considering how racism within neighborhood settings, a more pervasive form of racism, affects the onset of depression. With the findings proposed by Russell et al. (2018), future researchers can build on this foundation in order to discover more about racial discrimination and its effects on mental health. Weaknesses While the sample had a number of strengths, there are a number of limitations to consider when interpreting the results. Since the sample looked only at the experiences of African American women, results cannot be generalized to African American men. Moreover, the sample was composed only of African Americans, so generalizing the results to other people of color may be out of line. Russell et al. (2018) acknowledge that because the sample was entirely from non-metropolitan areas of Georgia and Iowa, generalizability to other states and regions is limited. Finally, all interviews were conducted via computer, which may miss important features of the participant’s response, especially for the diagnostic interview. It is possible that using a computerized diagnostic interview could have under or over pathologized the participants, and the diagnoses of MDD may have been inaccurate. Additionally, though there are benefits to longitudinal research designs, the effect of time resulted in half of the participants moving from their original neighborhoods. Though variables were created to detect the change in racism levels from the old to new neighborhoods, the careful selection of neighborhoods based on geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics was minimized by many of the participants relocating. The control of certain neighborhood-level variables was lost when participants relocated, and one should consider this when interpreting the results of the study. Finally, though the sample was considered low-risk for developing depression, only 18 % of the women developed MDD by the fifth interview. Neighborhood racism was found to be a predictor of MDD on the grounds of pervasive racism, though in only a small number of participants. Russell et al. (2018) had a tendency to overinterpret their results, but one should remember that the findings of the study were only relevant for a small number of participants. This should be noted when applying the findings because this does not necessarily mean African American women have a higher rate of depression, just that neighborhood discrimination may contribute to the onset of MDD in African American females. Connection to Literature Since racial discrimination within one’s neighborhood is found to be a significant predictor for the development of MDD in African American females, ways to minimize the effects of neighborhood discrimination must be considered. Research conducted by Russell et a l. (2018) suggests that healthy social relationships can lower the impact that neighborhood discrimination has on depression. However, one must refer to current research to develop additional ways to combat the effects of discrimination within the neighborhood. Research conducted by Brown (2008) suggests that positive social relationships minimize the effects of racial discrimination through the promotion of resiliency. The link between positive relationships and the lower risk for developing MDD suggested by Russell et al. (2018) may lie in the resiliency factor, as resiliency promotes a number of positive outcomes. Further, a study conducted by Clauss-Ehlers (2008) discovered that cultural background and experiences related to diversity impact the development of resilience within an individual in a positive way. Keeping in mind that resiliency can help an individual cope with mental health afflictions, a further step would be to promote cultural pride and diversity enrichment in order to minimize stressors related to discrimination. Though responsibility for the development of MDD does not lie in the individual, establishing resiliency through their cultural background, African Americans may be able to slow the harmful effects of neighbor hood discrimination. This study contributes to Russell et al.’s (2018) assertion that positive social relations with one’s own racial group can help prevent or alleviate symptoms of depression, as cultural pride established through positive social relationships can promote resiliency. Clinical Implications The results of the study conducted by Russell et al. (2018) offer a number of implications that are worth integrating into clinical practice. Specifically, the findings suggest that societal factors, such as racial discrimination, contribute to depressive symptoms. As a result, a diagnosis that acknowledges the root of these disorders as environmental in nature would offer a change in the way clients view their symptoms. One such approach suggested by Russell et al. (2018) would be for clinicians to incorporate syndromes like â€Å"cultural dysthymia† into their vocabularies, as this terminology implies that the cause for the symptoms lie in the society or culture rather than with in the client. Placing blame on the environment in which the person resides rather than the victim can improve their well-being by encouraging the individual that there is nothing â€Å"wrong† with them. Additionally, clinicians should find ways to minimize their own biases and prejudices. When conducting therapy with a client, interacting with the individual in a way that promotes openness and safety could ensure that the client does not feel that the therapeutic relationship is contributing to their discrimination and distress. Moreover, the clinician should take the time to acknowledge the discrimination experienced by the client and take care not to illegitimate the individual’s encounters with racism, as not doing so could make the racism even more pervasive. Finally, the findings of Russell et al.’s (2018) study suggest that positive relationships can minimize the effects of racial discrimination. Clinicians have a responsibility to ensure that clients have healthy relationships within their social circles in an attempt to help clients combat the negative effects of pervasive racism. Subsequently, clinicians should focus time on clients’ experiences with racism but also allow time to talk about what sort of support they have in dealing with these encounters. Also, it may be beneficial to create support groups where clients can share their experiences with on another.

Analysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway

Analysis the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs Dalloway BY Qian Jiajia Prof. Zhang Li, Tutor A Thesis Submitted to Department of English Language and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of B.A in English At Hebei Normal University May 8th , 2009 Abstract As one of the representative writers of novels of stream of consciousness, Virginia Woolf has made important contributions to the development of the technique of stream of consciousness by confirming her own original literary views through the design of a unique structure of stream of consciousness in one of her masterpieces—Mrs. Dalloway. Virginia Woolf constantly breaks through the tradition and works hard for the†¦show more content†¦A central figure of Bloomsbury Group, Woolf had an intense belief in the importance of the arts and a skepticism regarding the social conventions and restraints. Instead of new social ideas such as Marxism, Woolf and her peers sought in new forms of art compensation for the chaos of contemporary history after the First World War. It is said that Woolf’s work cannot be discussed without reference to her view of novel. In all her literary life, Woolf endeavored to establish a new form of novel, novels of st ream of consciousness. Her rebellion against Victorianism lay in her rejection of realism. Woolf looked in and explored the external world of human mind by drawing attention to â€Å"an ordinary mind on an ordinary day† and representing the psychological reality with her delicate use of stream of consciousness. Woolf is considered as one of the representatives of writers of stream of consciousness in the 20th century Modernist Movement. Woolf’s style of stream of consciousness is often described as poetic and impressionistic. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway(1925), To the Lighthouse(1927), and The Waves(1931). Though there is argument over which is Woolf’s masterpiece, most critics agree that Mrs. Dalloway is the first experimental novel by which Woolf establish her status as one of the most influential modern writers in the 20th century.Show MoreRelatedMrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf1696 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, the author uses narrative techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue in order to depict the workings of an â€Å"ordinary† or normal mind in narrative form. She also rejects the conventional structure of ‘chapters’ in order to give an â€Å"ordinary† portrayal of the mind. This essay will firstly contextualise the extract for analysis, namely the opening scene in the novel. This will be followed by defining the narrative techniques that is depictedRead MoreAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range ofRead MoreMrs Dalloway1427 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. 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The prologue centers on Woolf’s suicide, and the sequence of chapters randomly shifts from â€Å"Mrs. Woolf† to â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† to â⠂¬Å"Mrs. Brown.† By close-reading of The Hours’ prologue, various structural and textual devicesRead MoreA Gap of Sky1221 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis and interpretation of â€Å"A gap of sky† by Anna Hope â€Å"A Gap of Sky† is a short story by Anna Hope. The story is about the young girl Ellie who lives in London and attend UCL. She lives a wild life with parties and drugs and therefore she cannot concentrate on her studies. She has not got anyone to hold on to and no parents to guide her. The city distracts her with all its options and temptations. There is always new and exciting things around the corner but you must focus on the importantRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagesnovel (229-30), and his central intertext taken from fiction, Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway. By entitling his novel The Hours -- one of the titles Woolf considered for her novel in its early stages (Hussey 172)--he shows his indebtedness as a postmodernist writer to one of the principal texts of the modernist canon. In The Hours, all three narrative strands are in one way or the other connected to Mrs. Dalloway: the sections entitled Mrs. Woolf follow the author Virginia Woolf through a single day in 1923Read MoreModernism in the Old Man the Sea3759 Words   |  16 PagesThe definition of terms 4. The significance of the study Chapter one: 1. The theory of Modernism 2.1. Stream of consciousness 2.2. Internal monologue 2. Realism as a literary technique 3.3. Internal realism Chapter two: 1. the implication of American modernism through the main characters â€Å"Santiago† †¦ 2. The implication of stream of consciousness through the main characters †¦ 2.1. the implication of internal monologue through the main characters 3. The

Crimes Of The Black Policeman - 1074 Words

crimes. For example, Ricky and Tre drive away from the party on the street, and two crooked black and white policemen pull them over. The black policeman, Officer Coffey, has both Ricky and Tre step outside of the car, and proceeds to start questioning Tre. Tre quickly pleads, â€Å"I didn’t do nothin’!† Officer Coffey retorts, â€Å"You think you tough?† He then pulls out his gun, points it at Ricky’s face, and sternly says: â€Å"Scared now, ain t you? I like that. That s why I took this job. I hate little motherfuckers like you†¦ Look like one of them Crenshaw mafia motherfuckers.† (Boyz in the Hood) This unnecessary action scares Tre as he is forced up against his car crying and shaking his head with no power to say a word. It is this discrimination from inside the community that, while possibly helping to reduce violence, causes the very stereotype of blacks being the number one target of enforcement, the crime of simply driving whi le being black. 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An Analysis of Depression as a Global

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Depression as a Global Crisis Implementation of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Answer: Introduction Depression is a major contributor to the global affliction of disease, and it impacts people from different walks of life in society. According to the World Health Organisation (2001), depression is estimated to affect 350 million individuals. Depressive disorders typically begin at a young age and end up interfering with a persons functions as they occur time and time again. Depression thus is classified as the leading cause of a significant number of years lost as result of mental disability. This paper will analyze depression as a prevalent mental disorder in Australian society. Depression Depression is a type of a mental disorder that presents itself with sad disposition loss of energy, pleasure or interest, low self-worth, poor concentration, disturbed sleep, and feelings of guilt (Parker, 2007). These problems ultimately become chronic and result in a personas inability to handle their responsibilities. If left untreated, depression leads to suicide. According to Highet (2002), an estimated 1 million Australians are diagnosed with depression on an annual basis. Depression affects an estimated 20% of adults in Australia with the number of women doubling that of men as far as diagnosis are concerned (Highet, 2002). Depression is on many occasions linked to other disorders such as substance use, eating disorder and anxiety disorder. Managing depression Depression is a disease that gets diagnosed and treated. Treatment options include psychosocial support alongside psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. While the global affliction of depression poses a public health challenge both at the economic and social level, some strategies tackle the overall burden of depression. There are some service frameworks in Australia that serve the purpose of improving mental health and well-being of an entire population by reducing inequalities and enhancing the quality of health and social care in situations involving mental health. Beyond Blue: Australias National Depression Initiative The Beyond Blue initiative is intended to improve the communitys capacity to prevent cases and effectively respond to cases involving depression. It is a combined initiative of the Australian federal state and different territory governments and works in partnership with schools; health services workplaces including other related agencies with an aim to increase awareness regarding depression and reduce stigma relating to depression (Dunt et al., 2011). The beyond blue framework works on the premise of five priorities which include: To promote community awareness regarding depression, anxiety, substance use disorders and tackling associated social stigma. To provide individuals living with depression as well as their carers with information about the disease and effective treatment methods and promoting their experiences and needs with healthcare service providers and policy makers. By developing programs for early intervention and depression prevention initiatives. By improving training and support for health professionals on depression. Through initiating depression related research. Since the year 2000, the beyond blue initiative has been undertaking twelve-monthly national telephone surveys as a way of monitoring state-level estimates of community knowledge and awareness about depression. The organization also conducts studies of general practice to evaluate the changing patterns of medicine prescription and use of antidepressant medication. European framework for action on mental health and well-being The framework recognizes that depressive disorder has a significant impact on the European Unions productivity (Lehtinen, 2001). Restricting access to lethal substances and decreasing social exclusion is identified in the model as reducing the rate of susceptibility to depression. Majority EU member states have individual national programs for dealing with depression which include policies such as employing professionals and peer groups and empowerment of gatekeepers. However, the European framework for action on mental health and well-being stresses that more effort is in public health in terms of scaling up stoppage efforts and awareness in addition to building capacity as a way to boost recognition rates in the general health sector (Herman Jane-Llopis, 2005). In the European context legislation and action plans in member states perform the crucial function of implementing the tools for broadening awareness on a national level. Additionally, the EU also recognizes that coordinate d efforts in the use of e-health approach for preventing depression (McDaid et al., 2005). The current e-health documents coupled with psycho-education and mental health learning materials are a crucial part of the solution towards dealing with depression in the EU. Service Framework for mental health and well-being The framework elaborates on the idea that children in the United Kingdom have to deal with emotions and situations that lead to depression (Bracken Thomas, 2001). The framework draws its premise for dealing with depression from the overarching standards stipulated in the UKs National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). The overarching standard 28 elaborates on what ought to get done in cases of children and young people suffering from mild to moderate depression. The standard explains that a young person with mild depression ought to have a comprehensive evaluation in primary care followed by onward referral to pinpoint mental health needs to enable early intervention (Walshe, 2002). Furthermore, the young persons family ought to receive information and training regarding the depressive disorder. The overarching standard 28 helps a person caring for a young to respond appropriately to ensure that a young person with depression receives appropriate early intervention to prevent long-term issues developing. Secondly, the overarching standard 29 of NICE relates to children and young individuals with moderate to severe depression. The principle explains that a young person with severe to moderate depression ought to receive particular psychological therapy which includes cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and short-term family therapy provided by professionals such as therapist trained in Adolescent and childhood mental health (Mitchie et al., 2011). The standard further advises against prescribing or giving antidepressant medication placing great emphasis on psychological interventions. Such an approach acts as a measure to improve the quality of life for young people with depression. Case Justification for the investigation of rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia In the WHOs report on health for the worlds adolescents, depression represents the primary cause of disability, illness, and suicide among teens (World Health Organization, 2014). The Australian department of health explains that older adolescent teens are increasingly experiencing depression (Bond et al., 2007). A combination of cultural, economic and schooling factors are the main contributors to the growing problem. Teenagers in Australia are faced with distress at school as they cope with a variety of expectations in their final year of their school vocation. Teens face different pressures and choices, and the modern education structure presents a variety of problems. A study conducted at the Queensland University of Technology found that suicide caused by negative school experiences among teenage students between the ages 15 to 19 increased by 63 percent from 2011 to 2012 (Rigby, 2000). Culture also has a significant on the depression rate given that in the teenage life phase, y oung men and women struggle with appearance and identity issues. As teenagers grow, they continuously seek emotional and financial independence hence become increasingly exposed to external cultures that present different exposure from those in the family sphere. For example, teenagers in Australia get exposed to the culture of binge drinking, marijuana and tobacco smoking which counts as rites of passage for adolescents. Teenagers, therefore, get exposed to depression as they struggle to assert themselves in a culture that forces them to want to conform to the behaviors of their peers. In Australia, 30% of the population lives in rural areas many of whom are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin (Bailie, 2010). Australians in the countryside are relatively poorer owing to the longstanding history of discrimination and prejudice against indigenous communities. Hence, due to the socio-economic differences, the suicide rate and rate of depression is higher in children of Abo riginal and Torres Strait Islander origin. Application of the Ottawa Charter in developing a health promotion initiative for the rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia The Ottawa Charter for health promotion focuses on the needs of industrialized countries as a response to the issues that arise (Beaudoin, 2011). Health promotion according to the charter is a procedure that involves enabling individuals to have control over and improve their health. The Ottawa charter depicts five key actions for the rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia. Build healthy public policy There is a need for public policy to help put health on the agenda of policy makers, directing them to mind the consequences of failing to consider the rising rate of depression among teenagers. The health promotion policies combine a list of education, cultural and economic factors that contribute to the growing depression rate among adolescents that leads to the adoption of health public policy to eliminate the factors. Create supportive environments for health The complex association between people and their surroundings provided the basis for a sociological approach to dealing with the problem of increased depression among teenagers. The overall guiding philosophy for nations and communities is the need to care for each other, communities and natural environment. Health promotion comes about through changing the patterns of life in schooling and leisure to minimalize the rate at which teenagers get exposed to depression. Strengthen community action At the core of reducing teens exposure to depression, is engaging communities and encouraging them to text ownership and control of their destinies. Community development exploits meaning from material and existing human resources to tackle the problem of teenage susceptibility to depression and identifying current and new solutions to deal with the health matter. Develop personal skill Health promotion enables people to tap into health-related information and life enhancing skills as far as depression is concerned. Such info increases the options for individuals to make favorable choices as far as teenage depression is concerned and have more influence over teenage health matters. Positive repercussions come about by promoting educational, commercial, and professional institutional actions towards tackling the problem. Reorient health services The responsibility for health promotion as far as teenage depression is concerned is shared among communities, individuals, health service institutions, health professionals, and governments. The parties involved must combine efforts to develop a healthcare system that encompasses the psychological and physical needs for teenagers beyond the responsibility of providing therapeutic and clinical services. Also, reorienting health services requires stronger emphasis on health research and alterations in professional education as well as training. Conclusion Depression is a global health concern, and as depicted in this paper, some frameworks have been developed to address the problem. The article also provides justification for research studies aimed at dealing with the problem of increased depression among teenagers in Australia. Finally, the paper implements the WHOs Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion framework to illustrate strategies to curb the increasing rate of depression among adolescents in Australia. References Bailie, R., Stevens, M., McDonald, E., Brewster, D., Guthridge, S. (2010). Exploring cross-sectional associations between common childhood illness, housing and social conditions in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.BMC public health,10(1), 147. Beaudoin, C. (2011). Twenty years of comprehensive school health: A review and analysis of Canadian research published in refereed journals (1989-2009).Revue phnEPS/PHEnex Journal,3(1). Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G., Patton, G. (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes.Journal of Adolescent Health,40(4), 357-e9. Bracken, P., Thomas, P. (2001). Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health.BMJ: British Medical Journal,322(7288), 724. Dunt, D., Robinson, J., Selvarajah, S., Young, L., Highet, N., Shann, C., Pirkis, J. (2011). beyondblue, Australia's National Depression Initiative: An Evaluation for the Period 20052010.International Journal of Mental Health Promotion,13(3), 22-36. Highet, N. J., Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A. (2002). Monitoring awareness of and attitudes to depression in Australia.Medical Journal of Australia,176(10), S63. Lahtinen, E., Lehtinen, V., Riikonen, E., Ahonen, J., Kiikkala, I., Lehto, J., ... Turunen, M. M. (2001). Framework for promoting mental health in Europe. McDaid, D., Curran, C., Knapp, M. (2005). Promoting mental well-being in the workplace: a European policy perspective.International review of psychiatry,17(5), 365-373. Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions.Implementation science,6(1), 42. Parker, G. (2007). Is depression overdiagnosed? Yes.BMJ: British Medical Journal,335(7615), 328. Walshe, K. (2002). The rise of regulation in the NHS.BMJ: British Medical Journal,324(7343), 967 World Health Organization. (2001).The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. World Health Organization World Health Organization. (2014).Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. World Health Organization. Rigby, K. E. N. (2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being.Journal of adolescence,23(1), 57-68.

Specific Needs in Health and Social Care

Questions: 1. Concept of illness, behaviour and disability regarding health as well as social care service users? 2. Care needs of individuals with specific needs? 3. List of approaches and interventions that are to be taken to meet the specific needs of the individuals? 4. Different concepts of challenging behaviour? Answers: Introduction This particular study describes about the health and disability of human being. It focuses to know about past perception of disability and also can know about how changes have been made over the attitude of the people towards the disabled persons. This study also summarises the intervention strategy that should be implemented for helping the disabled persons. The impacts of social policy, legislation, society on the intervention strategy are also described in this particular study. 1: Concept of illness, behaviour and disability regarding health as well as social care service users Health: Health can be defined as someones condition of being well. This defines a disease free condition of someones body. It not only defines condition of a human being, it also defines condition of goods. Health defines mental as well as physical condition someone. Primary Disability: Primary disability can be resulted due to the direct effect of fatal alcohol exposure. Cognitive disability is the most common primary disability that is related to thinking and learning. Primary can be measured by general intelligence, capability of reading, writing, doing math (Foote, 2015). Secondary disability: Secondary disability can be defined as the disability that is not occurred from birth. It can be occurred from primary disability. Secondary disability can be prevented with the help of appropriate intervention. I agree with the secondary definition of disability because it can be prevented with the help of appropriate prevention intervention of health and social care services (Incorvaia and Ridolo, 2015). Theory of illness and behaviour: The theory of illness and behaviour defines the health related behaviour of a disease free person who wants to maintain his good health. This behaviour helps to reduce the chances of diseases and also reduces the effect of recurring diseases. Secondary prevention of disease has close relation to prevent diseases that a person has (Jonas and Koning, 2015). Medical and Social Model of disability: Medical model of disability defines that a persons inability to join society is the result of their impairment and not because of the feature of the society that is possible to change. In this model the policy maker and managers compensates the impaired person for not having normal body (Kasper, Booth and Peris, 2014). Social model of disability defines the disabled persons feelings of not getting the enough information about why they are excluded from the mainstream society. The experience that they have is they are excluded from the mainstream society is just because of their impairment and not for the societys features. I agree to the medical model of disability because in this there is a positive effect on the disabled persons mind that they are only excluded from the society because of their impairment and not because the society (Miller and Ghadiali, 2015). Recommendation and conclusion: Some prevention measures should be developed to prevent disability- Primary Prevention: Some actions should be initiated to remove the causes that can create health problem. Secondary Prevention: Some actions should be initiated to detect the health related problem as early as possible to facilitate cure or preventing the disease from spreading. It also prevents the long term effect of the diseases. Tertiary prevention: Some actions should be developed to reduce the effect of diseases that are already established. Health defines the condition of being well. Disability defines a persons inability to join society because of their impairment. Various model and theory have been developed to protect the disabled person (Orel and Fruhauf, 2015). 1.2: Assessing the perception of specific needs that have changed over time Past perception towards disability and illness- In Greece the sick persons were assumed to be inferior. In early Christian doctrine it was introduced that disease is neither dishonour nor a punishment but it is a means of grace. In 16th century Christians indicated that disabled persons are possessed by evil. They were discriminated from normal people. In this way the disabled persons were supposed to be mental by other people. During 19th century disabled person were rejected completely by some cultures. They were oppressed by society. Sometimes they were treated as economic liability of the society and were unwillingly kept alive by their family (Staples, 2015). The handicapped people were assumed to the alleviator of evil spirit, and the society took necessary steps not to hurt them. The children born with anomaly were supposed to be protected by supernatural power. There were many superstitions and fear in the society due to that the disabled persons were isolated, discriminated, ignored by the society. They used to get less a ttention, less education, less care, less nourishment. Changing attitudes towards disabled persons over time to meet the need of disabled persons: Over the time the society of UK have understood and studied why the people with disabilities are isolated and marginalized. They also tried to remove the negative attitude towards the disabled people. As the attitudes towards the disabled persons were complex so they have implemented programme that is wide ranging. After 16th century they began to tie a close relationship with the disabled persons. Various disabilities Awareness training program has been developed UK. They also assessed the impact of these training programs. Over the time various non discriminatory media culture was initiated to protect the disabled persons from injustice. After 19th century they have implemented various human rights that were related to equality, dignity, social justice (van Houtum et al., 2014). Recommendation of best ways to forward- Act of equality: The disabled people should be protected by equal right act. It would help to reduce discrimination. Special privileges: The disabled people should be given special privileges in all places. It would help the disabled people to get priority over things. Equal right in education: The disabled people should get equal right in education sector. Equal right in education develops them in all the area. Equal right in workplace: The disabled people should be treated equal in workplace, so that get motivated in doing work More Acts: There should be more and more act that would be helpful in protecting the disabled people. (Vincent and Woodhead, 2015). 1.3: Analysing the impact of legislation, culture, society and social policy on that services are available for the individual with specific needs The legislations that are followed are described below- Initiatives are taken by social and health care services to take care of good health for disabled persons. Government is always trying to make improvement in the policy. The social policy, culture, and society also have impact on the specific needs available for disabled people. If the disabled persons are excluded from the society it will increase depression of that persons that will badly affect the health condition of them. Cultural factors include discriminating the races. The discrimination between castes, colour affects the disabled persons. Disabled persons often are neglected by the some social and health care providers. Discrimination leads to isolation of disabled persons (Staples, 2015). Attitudes to disabled persons can be improved by educating the people of the society so that they can understand the actual problem of the disabled persons. Training to the disabled persons would help them to increase the dignity. Various superstitions that exist in the society are against the disabled persons should be removed. Services towards the disabled persons can be improved by the following ways- Health care act: Various health care acts should be developed to protect the disabled persons from injustice. Care trust: Care should be taken to improve the health condition of disabled persons. Children trust: The act should be developed to provide education to the disabled child and youth (Vincent and Woodhead, 2015). 2: Care needs of individuals with specific needs Specific needs- The specific needs can be defined as some specific and unique requirements for mentally and physically disabled persons in education, hospital and society. Maslow need hierarchy- The Great psychologist Abraham Maslow invented the human needs theory known as Maslow need hierarchy theory. In this theory he divides the different needs of a human being. This Hierarchy is described as below- Psychological needs: It is defined as the basic physical needs of human being except that the body of a human being cannot function properly. Safety needs: After the physical needs has been satisfied the people needs safety in terms of money, home, job. Loving and belongings: After safety needs have been satisfied a human being needs love and affection of his friends, family members. Esteemed needs: In this kind of need the human being need to be respected in the society and his workplace. People in this needs want to be recognized. Actualisation: In this needs people want to get everything possible for him. It is about realisation of full potential (ubomr oo and Malcolm Jones, 2015). Difference and similarity between special need and specific need- Special needs can be defined by the requirement made by the individual with physically and mentally disability. Specific need: It can be defined as a unique and specific cure for the people with peculiar characteristics (diseases). Baby Ps Specific need- Hospitals who have care for baby peter have implemented various programs that would be helpful to safeguard the issues related to the body of child. The care quality commission should ensure that standard has been set to successfully care the babies who need specific care (Chang et al., 2015). Recommendation on how specific need of someone can be met- Local authority: The local authority needs to assess the special needs of disabled people. They should try to reduce discriminations against the disabled persons. Assessment of special needs: After assessing the special needs the authority should check whether they have the resources to meet the special needs of the disabled persons. Role of government: The government should need to implement more and more acts to protect the disabled persons from any discrimination. 1. : The disabled persons should be educated in order to develop them. Education is one of the best ways to reduce any discrimination against disabled person (Foote, 2015). 2.2 Current systems for supporting individuals with specific needs- Statutory system- EHCP is a plan that is defined in term of Education, and health care plan. This plan is concerned with special education program, health and care for the disabled people. Not for profit organization: These organizations operate their business a non profit basis. They provide education, medical care, and social care for the disabled persons. Self help: This is a group of disabled people who share common desire to overcome from their disability. There are various organizations that support for this self help group. Formal care: Formal care can be provided to disabled persons by trained staff and nurse. Various health and social care provider also help in formal care. It may constitute personal care at home. Informal care: Informal care of disabled person can be carried out by the family members, friends, and relative other than any official support (Incorvaia and Ridolo, 2015). 2.3: Services in a locality for individual with specific needs This situation describes the health and social care services of East London, where people with discrimination get lesser attention in the society. Over the time the people in East London have understood the reason of why the disabled people are discriminated. They have involved some professional who are described below- General practitioner: They are the first people with whom people of UK can contact. It is right of every person to be registered with them. Primary care trust: It is the responsibility of primary care trust to provide health care to disabled persons (Jonas and Koning, 2015). NSH centre: There are 66 NSH centres that provide tips on the health problems over the phone. Because of low social economic status the East London cannot implement some social and health care policy to protect the disabled persons (Orel and Fruhauf, 2015). 3. List of approaches and interventions that are to be taken to meet the specific needs of the individuals Advocacy of the individual: These interventions are specified for the older people. It includes methods as well as approaches to change the practices and policies, behaviours as well as attitudes that are to be considered as obstacles to both discrimination and development against the disabled. It is the right of older people. It involves the working with those person those need support as well as encouragement to apply their rights. Its aims are to increase the older persons control over goods as well services. Physical interventions: It includes exercise and therapies for joint movement and it helps them to restore lost functions and to maintain physical status so that they will be able to come back to their normal life. It is only be used by those persons who have learning disabilities. They used this intervention as it helps them to learn to behave in non-challenging ways. Its goal is to help cares achieve safe as well as effective control of the challenging behaviours. Psychological interventions: It focuses on prevention of some of the problems in a person such as depression as well as anxiety. It helps to raise the morale and also helps to build a positive attitude towards the normal life. This intervention is for those people who are experiencing psychosis. It has many different applications as well mostly targets the mental disorder persons. It treats with psychoactive medication. It focuses on the persons social environment and in interaction with their psychological functioning (Smith, 2015). 3.2 Effectiveness of strategies regarding interventions of an individual The strategies of interventions are important for the people like HL, because HL had learning disabilities. It helps to improve the current condition of an individual. Physical interventions are important to restore the physical strength. It helps to maintain the physical strength of an individual so that they can come back to their normal life. It involves some sort of physical contact and forces to guide or prevent movement. It should be considered in an emergency situation where there is risk of health. Before any decision is to be taken for physical interventions, rapid assessment of risk is to be carried out. This risk assessment includes judgement that if the patient has an acute illness or not, because according to that care will be taken. Psychological intervention is important as it helps to build a positive attitude towards their normal life. It also helps to treat suicidal tendency, anxiety, depression etc. (Moyer, 2013). These interventions have no adverse side effect on the people. It has positive outcomes on the quality of life of the people, functioning of life, lessened the healthcare as well as medication needs. The limitation of this intervention is to it is hard to find therapists in some areas those are skilled in the particular therapy. The amount of effort and motivation required for the patients to make use of psychological treatments sometimes are unsuitable for the individuals. 3.3 Impacts of emerging developments to support the individuals for specific needs The emerging developments include both medical as well as technological advances, changes in policies and legislations from international view point. The potential impact of emerging developments includes the following: Technological advancement: The technology is advanced, the devices that support the body parts of the patients. If the patients have problem in their legs or due to leg weakness, the doctors are advices to use walkers that requires moderate strength in the hand as well as leg. It will be useful at the time the balance is moderate impaired. Motorized scooter is used to walk long distances. It is powered by rechargeable batteries that are a technological advancement used by the patients those are able to sit upright for a long period of time. Cognitive assistance: The computer as well as electrical devices is used to prevent the brain injury. Medication dispenses: The person those are facing disabilities such as problem in cooking, dressing etc. The equipment of kitchen is available in large, pillowed grasps to help people those have weakness or arthritis in their hands. Medication dispenses with alarms are used to help people remember to take their medicine in time. Right to autonomy, health and independent living: It needs to be guaranteed that older individualsare not forced to do anything against their desire like to go to any home care. In the home the older people do not get the care as their family members do not afford to cover expenses of their residential, thatexposes to risk such as abuse that limited the right of autonomy(Loppie and Wein, 2015). Policies and service dilemmas: It is a large share of economy by improving the health of the people and reducing the disabilities. Across the economy, it promotes services and also improves the quality of life. It also promotes some services to them (Rubitel and Reiss, 2011). 4. Different concepts of challenging behaviour Challenging behaviour means any verbal as well as non-verbal behaviour by an individual and at that time it is difficult to perform task or pose a safety risk. The challenging behaviours of the individual are self-harming, uncooperative and shows anger on others. The different concepts of the challenging behaviour are the following (Lever, 2014). Pre scientific theory: It includes ideas about the soul as the driving force in the people, about the influence of the behaviour of the person. The pre scientific approaches are massage, meditation, remedies based on herbals. This theory is applied to the challenging behaviour as possession by spirits or about the behaviour being an inevitable part of the learning disability of the person (Gravestock and Bouras, 2015). Scientific theory: Scientific theory is basically used for psychiatric disorder such as mood disorder. This theory includes statements that have observational consequences. It gives a clear distinction between the facts that cause mental disorder. This theory based on the scientific principles and which research has severe as well as endure the problems of health relating to mental disorder. Social construction: It is the theory of information about the sociology that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world. It assumes that significance as well as understanding is developed not separately within the individual, but in coordination with other human beings (Burtoni, 2015). 4.2 Potential impact of challenging behaviour on health and social care organizations: The impact of challenging behaviour on the health care organizations is that they make some differences to the lives of the patients through information about the challenges and running. The workshops are run to reduce those challenges. The vision of the company for the learning disabilities is to display the challenges to have the same life opportunities as everyone else. Some of the organizations provide opportunities for the carers to connect with other people in a similar situation. The health of the cost is exceeded and it continues to rise. The population ageing as well as the development of new treatments are increased. The participants in the system of health care do not agree on the meaning of costs (Krishnamoorthy and Anderson, 2015). Training should be given to every care-taker regarding the challenges that the patients face. The programs of training are small due to the increasing cost of proceedings as well as large verdicts. The training is critical as well as investment. The training should consist of all the managers as well as supervisors as well as employees. It should be one time event, but all the employees should have to give training. At the time the economy goes down, the training of the employees is going fast as it is not viewed as investment. It is an expense that should be likely of tough times. The good qualified employees are to be hired in the organization to face the challenges of the behaviour. The hiring of right person should result in lowering the turnover of the employee as can create a stronger bottom line. In the health care industry, the hiring of employees is fast that can give a direct affect on the patients. The process of recruitment as well as retention is considered to be at the top of the priority level. 4.3 Strategies that are used to work with challenging behaviours associated with specific needs The policies and procedures, legislations, code of practices set the responsibility of employer to regulate the social care workers. The code of practices is the key step to introduce the regulation system for social care in the four countries of UK. The people those are working as social care providers should understand their roles and responsibilities towards the patients. The required training is to be given to the care takers to handle vulnerable groups of people. The care givers ensure that their behaviour would not harm the patients emotions in any case. They should also ensure that each patient should be treated respectfully as well as individually ( The clients are to be given training with new skills that helps to continue their job with a new knowledge in the health care sector. It is directed by the doctor. Medication consists of treating or preventing the diseases using drugs. This is not the punishment that is given to the clients to prevent the challenging behaviour. Skills of communication: The people those are facing learning disabilities as well as any mental problems face difficulties in communicating with others. They face problem to express their needs as well as feelings to others. Therefore, they have to teach new methods to communicate. Conclusion The study gives details about the relationship between the condition of disabilities and other factors. It contrasts two approaches to analyze the disability and suggest some of the need for care of the old people. It analyzes the effectiveness of strategies regarding interventions of an individual, strategies of interventions are important for the people like HL, because HL had learning disabilities. It helps to improve the current condition of an individual. The challenging behaviours of the individual are self-harming, uncooperative and shows anger on other persons. The people those are suffering from challenging behaviour are isolated from others and they face some difficulties to interact with others. Some policies and procedures set the responsibility of employer to regulate the social care workers. 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