Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Critical Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Each one of the "four P's" is a variable that is managed in creation of the marketing blend that draws customers towards company. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper hereby emphasizes on the five critical issues in the modern marketing practices that are widely acknowledged as culture jamming, self-help, super markets, counter culture and selling of celebrity. The term "Culture jamming" refers to a cultural backtalk by switching to the language of ascertained power. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The process comprises of playing with memorable structures of communiqu and interfaces like "posters, billboards, official language, protocol, spaces and imagery" (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its creator. An undermined note could contain critique of the original or might ally with a novel political message for instance "Class War: Just Do It." (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture jamming is considered as time saving as it is a quick job on an existing advertisement with need of merely a marker. It evenly involves the design of professional media, necessitating the superiority of intricate graphical design and copywriting. Culture jamming had brought an up to date twirl to an elongated legacy of court jesting, opinionated satire and jokey commotions of the society. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) Unlike its antecedents, although, this modern dissident game is participated principally with signs and symbols in the community that has already approached to be pervade by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The phase for the materialization of culture jamming was laid in the early 20th century as mass fabrication; mass utilization and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace conveyed with these innovative growths shaped a flood of information leading way for industrialized civilizations to search for and grow extra competent codes of message to cope with it all making symbolic lingos more imperative than ever and gave birth to countless novel symbolic code from street map emblems to commercial logos, all intended to craft swift sense of gradually more multifaceted information. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the precedent two decades, culture jamming has caught on far-off and broad range, credit to

Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue Ethics Essay Virtue ethics is grounded in â€Å"character traits†. We all have by nature the potential to be moral persons, but we need to practice the virtues, to cultivate them. Ex. a medical doctor should cultivate virtues such as: compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, benevolence and non-malevolence Kinds of virtues: 1) intellectual (wisdom, understanding etc) 2) moral (temperance, patience, courage etc) An individual is moral not because of his/her intellectual activities, but because of his/her feelings and actions. We need to practice virtues – ex. people become generous by giving We must decide: what is the â€Å"golden mean† from our individual perspective (ex. coward – courageous – hero)? The virtuous person must enjoy being virtuous (ex. not like the one who avoids stealing because of fear of punishment). Thus, virtue becomes its own reward. It must be performed for itself. Virtue ethics focuses on the type of person we ought to be, not on specific actions that should be taken. It is grounded in good character, motives, and core values. The possessor of good character is and acts moral. Virtue Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis Deontology is based on rules Utilitarianism is based on consequences Virtue ethics is based on character and motives It examines the motives and character of stakeholders – to see: what are the motivations of their strategies, actions, and outcomes? Regarding the corporate scandals: virtue ethics explains the motives of some CEOs actions – their greed, extravagant habits, irrational thinking, and egotistical character traits Difficulties a virtuous person may occasionally act horrible character traits change; if we don’t practice them, we loose them it emphasizes long-term characteristics – but this has the risk of overlooking particular lies or acts of selfishness on the grounds that such acts are temporary aberrations

Honda: SWOT and PESTEL

Honda: SWOT and PESTEL Introduction of Business Environment Business Environment is individual and organization that exist outside the business and have influence direct and indirect to the business. Business Environment refers to all those internal and external factors which impact the functioning or performance of a firm and its decision making particularly strategies in the organisations. According to Gerald Bell: An organization external environment consists of those things outside an organization such as customers, competitors, government units, suppliers, financial firms and labour pools that are relevant to an organizations operations Thus, it can be said that environment as the set of external factors such as the economic factors, social factors, and government factors legal factors, political factors, which are uncontrollable in nature and affects the business decisions of organisation or company. Types of Business Environment: The business environment are divided into two ways. Micro Environment Macro Environment MICRO ENVIRONMENT The micro environment of business consists of the forces in the companys environment that affects the performance of the company. These forces are more closely linked with the business than the macro factors. According to Philip Kotler: The micro environment consists of the actors in the companys immediate environment that affects the performance of the company. These include the suppliers, marketing intermediaries, competitors, customers and the public. Micro environment factors are related Suppliers Competitors Public Labour Financiers Customers Macro environment: The macro environment of business includes activities which are uncontrollable and need proper attention on the part of a business enterprise. According to Hill and Jones The macro environment consists of the broader economic social, political, legal and technological setting within which the industry and the company are placed. Macro environment factors are related Political factor Economical factor Social factor Technological factor Environmental factor Legal factor Environmental factors internal to the firm classified SWOT as strengths and weaknesses, and external firm classified as opportunities or threats. Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. It is provides information that is helpful in firms resources and capabilities to the environment in which it operates. As such, it is helpful in strategy formulation and selection. Introduction of Company Hero Honda Motors Ltd. is an Indian manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters. Hero Honda is a joint Venture that began in 1984 between the Hero Group of India and Honda From Japan. It has been the worlds leading manufacturer of 2-wheeled motorized vehicles since 2001.During the 80s, Hero Honda became the first company in India to prove that it was promising to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. The company introduced new age group motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel saving and low emission. A legendary Fill it Shut it Forget it campaign captured the imagination of commuters across India, and Hero Honda sold millions of bikes on the commitment of better mileage. Hero Honda has developed at double digits since foundation; and today, every second motorcycle sold in the country is a Hero Honda. Every 30 seconds, someone in India buys Hero Hondas top -selling motorcycle Splendor. This celebratory season, the company sold half a million two wheelers in a single m onth-a feat supreme in global automotive history. Hero Honda has a massive network of sales and service network now over 3000 customer touch points. These touch points cover of dealerships, service stations and spare parts stockiest and authorized representatives of dealers which are located across different places. Hero Honda has a proper value system and hence it cares for its relationship with its customers. It has a unique CRM initiative i.e. Hero Honda Passport Program which is one of the key programs of this kind in the world. The program has not only helped Hero Honda understand its customers and deliver value at different price points, but has also created a reliable society of brand ambassadors. Vision The Hero Honda story began with a simple vision the vision of a transportable and an empowered India, powered by Hero Honda. This vision was driven by Hero Hondas commitment to customer, quality and excellence, and while doing so, maintaining the highest values of principles and societal responsibilities and they are believes that the fastest way to turn that dream into a reality is by outstanding focused on that vision. Mission Hero Hondas mission is to effort for synergy between technology, human resources and systems, to produce products and services that get together the performance, price and quality aspiration of its customers. At the same time maintain the highest standards of principles and social responsibilities. Strategy Hero Hondas key policy has been driven by innovation in every field of activity building a strong product portfolio across categories, exploring new markets, aggressively expanding the network and continuing to invest in brand building activities. Manufacturing Hero Honda bikes are manufactured across globally manufacturing facilities. Two of these are based at Gurgaon and Dharuhera which are located in the state of Haryana in northern India. Technology In 1980s Hero Honda company pioneered the introduction of fuel-efficient, environment friendly four-stroke motorcycles in the country. Today, Hero Honda continues to be technology pioneer. It became the first company to launch the Fuel Injection (FI) technology in Indian motorcycles, with the launch of the Glamour FI in June 2006. Products Hero Hondas product series includes variety of motorcycles that have set the industry standards across all the market segments. The company also started manufacturing scooter in 2006. Hero Honda offers large no. of products to wide variety of requirements across all the segments. Key milestone of HERO HONDA Year Event 1983 Joint partnership Agreement with Honda Motor Co. Ltd. Japan. 1984 Hero Honda Motors Ltd. Incorporated. 1985 First motorcycle CD 100 rolled out. 1987 100,000th motorcycle produced. 1989 New motorcycle model Sleek introduced. 1991 New model CD 100 SS introduced. 500,000th motorcycle produced. 1994 New motorcycle model Splendor introduced and 1,000,000th motorcycle produced. 1999 New motorcycle model CBZ introduced. 2000 4,000,000th motorcycle produced. Splendor stated World No. 1 largest selling model. Hero Honda Passport Programme CRM Programme launched 2001 New motorcycle model Passion introduced. One million productions in one year. 2002 New motorcycle models -Ambition and Dawn introduce. 2003 Become the first Indian Company to cross the growing 7 million sales and Splendor has emerged as the Worlds largest selling model for the third calendar year in a rank (2000, 2001, 2002) New model Karizma introduced. 2004 Hero Honda became the World No. 1 Company for the third consecutive year. 2005 Hero Honda is the World No. 1 for the 4th year in a row. 2006 Hero Honda is the World No. 1 for the 5th year in a row 15 million production milestone achieved. 2007 Hero Honda is the World No. 1 for the 6th year in a row New Splendor NXG launched. New Passion Plus launched. New model Hunk launched. 20 million production milestone achieved. 2008 New model Passion Pro launched. New CBZ Xtreme launched. 25 million production milestone achieved. CD Deluxe lauched with power start feature. New Glamour launched. 2009 Splendor completed 11 million production marker. New model Karizma ZMR launched. Silver jubilee celebrations. Hero Honda Business Environment (P)olitical Factors These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy. Political decisions can impact on many critical areas for business such as the knowledge of the workforce, the health of and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy, such as Customer protection laws: These laws are designed to protect customers against unfair practices such as confusing descriptions of the product related auto mobile. Opposition laws: These are aimed at protecting small firms against bullying by larger firms and ensuring customers are not exploited by firms with monopoly power. Employment or labour laws: These cover areas such as discharge, working hours and minimum wages. Health and safety: These laws are aimed at ensure the workplace is as safe as is reasonably practical. They face issues such as training, reporting accidents and the appropriate provision of safety equipment. (E)conomic factors Economic Environment refers what is happening within the economy, for example; economic growth, interest rate, exchange rate, inflation rate, demand, wages rate etc. Marketers need to consider the trading economy in short term and long term. Economic factors have major impacts on how business operate and how to they make decisions. Hero Honda has been strongly committed not only to environmental management programmes but also express the increasingly inseparable balance between the economic concerns and the environmental and social issues faced by a business. A business must not grow at the expense of mankind and mans future but rather must provide mankind. (S)ocial factors Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment. These factors affect customer needs and the size of possible markets. Changes in social trends can contact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. Culture is the set of morals and attitudes that are approved by a group of people and transferred from one generation to another. Social factors include health awareness, population rate, age, importance on safety. Hero Honda auto mobile change various management strategies use different strategies related age, gender, categories in society (income of society). Hero Honda has been set up on 40 acres of land along the Delhi-Jaipur Highway. The Centre-complete with wide approach roads, clean water, and education facilities for both adults and children-now nurtures a vibrant, educated and healthy community. Hero Honda taken up by the Foundation includes: Raman Munjal Memorial Hospital Raman Munjal Sports Complex Vocational Training Centre Adult Literacy Mission Marriages of underprivileged girls Rural Health Care : We must do something for the society from whose land we generate our prosperity. A quote from Chairman of Hero Honda Motors Pvt.Ltd. (T)echnological factors Technological factors include environmental and natural aspects, such as Research Development activity, technology incentive. Technology has played a essential role in developing the transportation system. Technology has also positively affected the economic status of some countries. It is generally practical that the countries employing a high level technology is a well advanced state. It has increased productivity and has contributed actually in producing more quantity with quality. Some benefits of technology in production process are: Reducing the record wastage. fewer waiting time. Decreased over production. -Reduces avoidable activities of employees. Hero Honda committed at all levels to achieve high quality in anything they do, mainly in their products and services which will meet and exceed customers growing aspiration through- Innovation in products processes and services. Continuous improvement in our total quality management systems. Teamwork and responsibility. (E)nvironmental Factors Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including agriculture, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes happening due to global warming and with larger environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a major issue for firms to consider. Hero Honda environmental awareness of our employees and dealers , while promoting their involvement in ensuring noise environmental management. Institutionalise resource conservation, in particular, in the areas of oil, water, electrical energy, paints and chemicals. fulfil with all applicable environmental legislation and also controlling their environmental discharges. (L)egal Environment factor Marketing decision is affected by developments in legal environment. This environment is related of different types laws, government policies. Sometimes these laws also create new opportunities for business. (Kotler, p 2003). Legal environment refers to what is happening with changes to legislation. Legal Environment impact resources, import export, taxation, employment etc. It is reflect the policy framework and the move towards of the Governmental structure of the country and ensure that every company is performance as per the legislative structure of the country. SWOT analysis of Hero Honda (S)trengths: Sales Increase: Hero Honda experienced great growth throughout its early days. By 2002 Hero Group had sold 86 million bicycles producing 16000 bicycles a day. Today Hero Honda has many different models of motorcycles available. It holds the most popular bike in the world by sales for Its Splendor model in last many years. b) Fuel efficiency: Over all fuel consumption by its products is less in compare to other brands product. Hero Honda able to give better mileage. Because of this Hero Honda splendor has magical sales record and the reason of mileage. c) Service : Hero Honda offers free services on all their two-wheelers. Customer avail all these service within the time period or kilo metre range. d) High financial performance: The Hero Honda financial information shows that it has strong financial background in terms of sales, profit and assets. Honda Motors Ltd. the worlds largest two-wheeler manufacturer, today reported 31% per cent growth in profit after tax at Rs 275 crore for the third quarter October-December of financial year 2007-08. (W)eaknesses: a) High maintenance: Some of the products of hero Honda like Karizma, CBZ, Hunk require high maintenance. Less promotion and Lack of recycling scrap: The promotions and of Hero Honda are very less to its competitors and they have problem of recycling scrap. c) Labour relations: In Hero Honda Company there is no labour organized and family member of employees. The majority of the production workers, who are hired through contractors, these benefits are out of reach. (O)pportunities: a) Good will of the company: With new launch Hero honda can be benefited at present market scenario like Karizma, CBZ, Hunk has huge attraction in the younger generation because of its style, look, and power at high speeds. (T)hreats: Technical aspect: Competitor bike like Bajaj pulsar and TVS apache are threat to Hero Honda product like Karizma, CBZ and Hunk in respect to fuel economy. So if they dont short out in the new launches and give something extra in its engineering performance it may affect in demand of this company product. Inflation: If inflation increases the cost of raw material used in production will go high and selling price of product may go high that may decrease demand of the two wheeler.

Learning Love and Respect in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Learning Love and Respect in The Joy Luck Club In Amy Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club, the character of An-mei learns to love and respect her mother. This essay will focus on the precise moment of the transformation of An-mei to a strong, self-confident woman. Although An-mei's mother was dying, An-mei's mother still believed in saving her by "cooking magic in the ancient tradition" so as "to try to cure her mother this one last time". That was how An-mei "came to love my mother", "how I saw her in my own true nature and what was beneath my skin, inside my bones". An-mei's mother "pull up her sleeve" and "put this knife on the softest part of her arm" and "cut a piece of meat from her arm". An-mei "tried to close my eyes, but could not". An-mei saw that "tears poured from her (mother's) face and blood spilled to the floor. Even though Popo's mouth was "already too tight from trying to keep her spirit in", An-mei's mother still "fed her this soup". However, Popo passed away in the end. An-mei "could see the pain of the flesh" and "the worth of the pain". She understands that this is the way " a daughter honours her mother", "it is to shou so deep it is in your bones". She knows that "the pain of the flesh is nothing, the pain you must forget". When An-mei returned with her mother to Teintsin, she had an encounter with Second Wife who gave her a pearl necklace. Her mother scolded her for it. "what you hear is not genuine. She(Second Wife)makes clouds with one hand, rain with the other. She is trying to trick you, so you will do anything for her", but An-mei "tried not to listen to my mother". In the end, An-mei's mother crushed the pearl necklace and it was only then that An-mei realized "the necklace that had almost bought my heart and mind now had one bead of crushed glass". Her mother did not want An-mei to let Second Wife "buy you(her) for such a cheap price". After that, An-mei would always "remember how easy it is to lose myself to something false". An-mei saw the truth beyond the surface with her mother's help. After knowing what happened to her mother, An-mei saw how circumstantial her mother was.

Katrina Barcelo

â€Å"The characteristic of sound by which a shrill sound can be distinguished from a grave sound is known as PITCH.†Pitch of sound depends upon the frequency of sound. The greater the frequency, the higher is the pitch and vice versa. It is the pitch of sounds that enable us to distinguished b/w a sound of man and woman or man and dog. Etc. sound of a woman is shrill due to high pitch. Sound of a dog is grave due to low pitch and low frequency.QUALITY OR TIMBERâ€Å"The property of sound by virtue of which we can distinguish between two sounds of the same pitch and the loudness originating from two different musical instruments.† The sound produced by two different instruments is usually complex. It is a mixture of several tones. The tone of lowest frequency is called Fundamental frequency and other tones are known as OVERTONES OR HARMONICS. The loudness of sound depends upon the amplitude of vibration. And pitch determined by its fundamental frequency. Two or more sou nd may have the same loudness and the same pitch but that they may differ in number and relative intensities of overtones. The quality of sound depends upon the wave from of the resultants. Nature has such a great diversity that it is very rare to have some overtones of two persons exactly. So this difference is overtones makes it possible to recognize each sound. This characteristic of sound is called QUALITY. INTENSITY OF SOUNDâ€Å"The intensity of sound is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per second through unit area held perpendicularly in the direction of sound waves.† Intensity of sound = E/t.A OR I = E/t.A Pitch Pitch = frequency of soundFor example, middle C in equal temperament = 261.6 HzSounds may be generally characterized by pitch, loudness, and quality. The perceived pitch of a sound is just the ear's response to frequency, i.e., for most practical purposes the pitch is just the frequency. The pitch perception of the human ear is understood to operate basically by the place  theory, with some sharpening mechanism necessary to explain the remarkably high resolution of human pitch perception. The place theory and its refinements provide plausible models for the perception of the relative pitch of two tones, but do not explain the phenomenon of perfect pitch. The just noticeable difference in pitch is conveniently expressed in cents, and the standard figure for the human ear is 5 cents.Sound quality is typically an assessment of the accuracy, enjoyability, or intelligibility of audio output from an electronic device. Quality can be measured objectively, such as when tools are used to gauge the accuracy with which the device reproduces an original sound; or it can be measured subjectively, such as when human listeners respond to the sound or gauge its perceived similarity to another sound. The sound quality of a reproduction or recording depends on a number of factors, including the equipment used to make it, processing and master ing done to the recording, the equipment used to reproduce it, as well as the listening environment used to reproduce it.In some cases, processing such as equalization, dynamic range compression or stereo processing may be applied to a recording to create audio that is significantly different from the original but may be perceived as more agreeable to a listener. In other cases, the goal may be to reproduce audio as closely as possible to the original. When applied to specific electronic devices, such as loudspeakers, microphones, amplifiers or headphones sound quality usually refers to accuracy, with higher quality devices providing higher accuracy reproduction. When applied to processing steps such as mastering recordings, absolute accuracy may be secondary to artistic or aesthetic concerns. In still other situations, such as recording a live musical performance, audio quality may refer to proper placement of microphones around a room to optimally use room acoustics.

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology The Bowen reaction series is a description of how magmas minerals change  as they cool. The petrologist Norman Bowen (1887-1956) carried out decades of melting experiments in the early 1900s in support of his theory of granite. He found that as a basaltic melt slowly cooled, minerals formed crystals in a definite order. Bowen worked out two sets of these, which he named the discontinuous and continuous series in his 1922 paper The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis. The Bowen's Reaction Series The discontinuous series starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. What makes this a reaction series rather than an ordinary series is that each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the melt cools. As Bowen put it, The disappearance of minerals in the order in which they appear ... is of the very essence of the reaction series. Olivine forms crystals, then it reacts with the rest of the magma as pyroxene forms at its expense. At a certain point, all the olivine is resorbed, and only pyroxene exists. Then pyroxene reacts with the liquid as amphibole crystals replace it, and then biotite replaces amphibole. The continuous series is plagioclase feldspar. At high temperatures, the high-calcium variety anorthite forms. Then as temperatures fall it is replaced by more sodium-rich varieties: bytownite, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, and albite. As the temperature continues to fall, these two series merge, and more minerals crystallize in this order: Alkali feldspar, muscovite, and quartz. A minor reaction series involves the spinel group of minerals: chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanite. Bowen placed them between the two main series. Other Portions of the Series The complete series is not found in nature, but many igneous rocks display portions of the series. The main limitations are the state of the liquid, the speed of cooling and the tendency of mineral crystals to settle under gravity: If the liquid runs out of an element needed for a particular mineral, the series with that mineral gets interrupted.If the magma cools faster than the reaction can proceed, early minerals can persist in partly resorbed form. That changes the evolution of the magma.If crystals can rise or sink, they stop reacting with the liquid and pile up somewhere else. All of these factors affect the course of a magmas evolution- its differentiation. Bowen was confident that he could start with basalt magma, the most common type, and build any magma from the right combination of the three. But mechanisms that he discounted- magma mixing, assimilation of country rock and remelting of crustal rocks- not to mention the whole system of plate tectonics he did not foresee, are much more important than he thought. Today we know that not even the largest bodies of basaltic magma sit still long enough differentiate all the way to granite.

8 Ways to Avoid Barking Up the Wrong Family Tree

8 Ways to Avoid Barking Up the Wrong Family Tree There is nothing more frustrating than finding out the ancestors youve been so diligently researching, and have even come to love, arent really yours. Yet, it happens to most of us who research our family trees at some point. A lack of records, incorrect data, and embellished family stories can easily send us off in the wrong direction. How can we avoid this heartbreaking result in our own family research? It isnt always possible to avoid wrong turns, but these steps may help keep you from barking up the wrong family tree. 1. Dont Skip Generations Skipping generations in your research is the most common mistake made by beginners. Even if you think you know everything about yourself and your parents, you shouldnt skip directly to your grandparents. Or your immigrant ancestor. Or the famous person that youve been told youre descended from. Working your way back one generation at a time greatly lessens your chances at attaching the wrong ancestor to your family tree, because youll have the supporting documents- birth records, marriage certificates, census records, etc.- to support the link between each generation. 2. Dont Make Assumptions About Family Relationships Family terms such as Junior and Senior as well as aunt and cousin were often used very loosely in earlier times - and still are, even today. A designation of Jr., for example, may have been used in official records to identify between two men of the same name, even if they were unrelated (the younger of the two being called Jr.). You also shouldnt assume relationships between people living in a household unless it is specifically stated. The sole adult-aged female listed in your great-great grandfathers household, may indeed be his wife- or it could be a sister-in-law or family friend. 3. Document, Document, Document The most important habit to pick up when starting genealogical research is to diligently  write down how and where you find your information. If it was found on a website, for example, write down the title of the site, the URL and the date. If the data came from a book or microfilm, write down the title, author, publisher, publication date and the repository.  If your family information came from a relative, document who the information came from and when the interview took place. There will be many times when youll run across conflicting data, and youll need to know where your information came from. Often, its convenient to use a spreadsheet for this purpose, but it can also be helpful to keep physical records. Printing out hard copies for reference is a great way to back up information in case the data is taken offline or changes. 4. Does it Make Sense? Constantly review all new information that you add to your family tree to make sure that it is at least plausible. If the date of your ancestors marriage is only seven years after they were born, for example, you have a problem. The same goes for two children born less than nine months apart, or children born before their parents. Does the birthplace listed in the census correlate with what youve learned about your ancestor? Have you possibly skipped a generation? Look at the information youve gathered and ask yourself, Does this make sense? 5. Get Organized The more organized your genealogy research, the less likely that youll mix up information or make other simple, but costly, mistakes. Choose a filing system that works with the way you do research, making sure that it includes a way to organize both your papers and certificates ​and your digital documents and other computer files. 6. Verify Research Done By Others Its hard enough avoiding your own mistakes, without having to worry about the mistakes of others as well. Publication- whether in print or online- doesnt make anything fact, so you should always take steps to verify previous research  using primary sources and other tools before incorporating it into your own.   7. Rule Out the Other Possibilities You know that your great-great-grandfather lived in Virginia around the turn-of-the-century, so you look him up in the 1900 U.S. census and there he is! In truth, however, this isnt him; its someone else with the same name living in the same area during the same time period. It is a scenario that actually isnt all that uncommon, even with names you might think are unique. When researching your family, it is always a good idea to check the surrounding area to see if there is someone else who could fit the bill.   8. Turn to DNA Blood doesnt lie, so if you really want to be sure a DNA test may be the way to go. DNA tests cant currently tell you who your specific ancestors are, but they can help narrow things down quite a bit.

CEO Pay vs. Workers Pay essays

CEO Pay vs. Workers Pay essays Over the last decade, the pay increases of the CEOs have far outpaced the pay increases experienced by the common worker. This means, while the people who run the company are experiencing greater and greater amounts of wealth, the average worker has been experiencing a greater amount of debt. The average workers has pay rate which increases barely kept pace with inflation. The investigation will show the gap between CEOs and workers pay, why CEOs feel it is necessary to pay such salaries, and also what are the effects of such pays. The CEOs that dose not benefit the workers: The CEOs pay in America has been increasing to the point of extreme excess become multi millionaires, CEOs have many more luxuries and incentives running the company or the corporation not wanting. However the workers work harder and harder by longer hours, less benefits, and low pay. Know that there are some CEOs who are concerned for their workers. The media has shown us many CEOs who are in it solely to make a large amount of money as fast as they can, and have no concerns for those who work under them. The CEOs pay increases faster than the workers pay; one reason for the CEOs pay has become common practice to overly compensate the CEOs, regardless of their actual performance. Bigger corporations think of nothing giving bonuses for their CEOs pledge to their companies, the benefits and the other perks such as high stock, option granted loans, and luxury items written (Hightower, October 2001, ). Most CEOs have taking home about an average of 531 percent more pay than the average hourly worker makes. Chicago Times reported, It isnt right or fair to compare the Presidents and CEOs of a big corporation to hourly workers, because with the CEOs pay its coming from the global marketing for executives. Obscene CEOs pay affec...

Carnival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Carnival - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss the statement of Bakhtin stating that carnival has undergone a great deal of transition from medieval time to romanticism. Furthermore, a discussion or implementation of the idea that was presented by Bakhtin will be done on Batman (1989) and Night before Christmas (1993). It is important to understand the context of carnival theory presented by Bakhtin before discussing the difference between medieval and modern carnival and the reasons behind transition. The contextual understanding of carnival by Bakhtin is based upon the European tradition of carnival. Critics claimed that Bakhtin took interest in assessing the seventh century forms of the grotesque because he was impressed by carnivals as he viewed them as occasions where the lows and highs of the society submerged together for some time. In simpler words, the authority of the church and state came together without any control. It will not be incorrect to state that Bakhtin’s account of carnival was anarchic where everyone liberated as audiences and performers (McNay, 1994). It has further been stated by Bakhtin that Carnivalesque bodies were involved in the use of absurd or laughter in order to present the difference between life and death. Festivity lingered all these years in order to provide people to express their views about life. In short, carnival was just a way to provide a platform for expression for people in all geographic locations of societies over the years. It should be noted that carnival rather gave a way to people to cherish their identity and presence by giving up undertaking a re-birth of experiences (Muggleton, 2000). Bakhtin celebrates the mediaeval culture of the carnival, but he does this in the context of its relevance to the development of the classic  literature of the  Renaissance  ; Rabelais, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Dante and Boccaccio etc. Moreover, Bakhtin asserts that  the Renaissance would not have happened without the carnival  ,

Did Moses Write the Pentateuch or the Book of Moses in the Bible Research Paper

Did Moses Write the Pentateuch or the Book of Moses in the Bible - Research Paper Example Pentateuch contain the laws and instructions of God given to the people of Israel through Moses, hence Pentateuch’s other name â€Å"Book of Moses†. In the Pentateuch, the Israelites were appointed as the chosen people of God and the beneficiary of the Ark of Covenant and laid down the foundation of the coming of the Messiah in the presence of Jesus Christ. II. Passages in the Bible that suggests Moses authorship of the Pentateuch There are several passages in the Pentateuch and the Bible that led to the initial conclusion that indeed Moses wrote the entire body of the Pentateuch. ... .'" Matthew 22:24  "Moses said, 'If a man dies without children...'" Mark 7:10  "For instance, Moses gave you this law from God..." Mark 12:24  "...haven't you ever read about this in the writings of Moses, in the story of the burning bush..." Luke 24:44  "...I told you that everything written about me by Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must all come true." John 1:17  "For the law was given through Moses..." John 5:46  "But if you had believed Moses, you would have believed me because he wrote about me. And since you don't believe what he wrote, how will you believe what I say?" John 7:23  "...do it, so as not to break the law of Moses..." Acts 26:22  "...I teach nothing except what the prophets and Moses said would happen..." Romans 10:5  "For Moses wrote..." III. Was the Pentateuch a work of a single author (by Moses) or an anthology of diverse material? It is easy to conclude that the first five books of the Bible were written by Moses given the above Bi blical passages suggestion that Moses wrote the entire Pentateuch. Also, the Books were attributed to him not to mention that he was a central figure to it. A close examination on the Pentateuch by scholars beginning in the eighteenth century however led them to conclude that the Pentateuch is not written by a single author, or by Moses alone as the traditional thinking suggests, but rather an anthology of diverse materials. Evidences that Pentateuch is not written by a single author When critical literary analysis was applied to the Pentateuch, it was found that the five books contained numerous duplications, broad diversity of writing style and even contrasting view points. The discovery of the duplication of the texts in the body of Pentateuch led scholars to study that the first five

Part of PR plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Part of PR plan - Assignment Example The organization is partially funded by the county’s department of health and human services, the administrative office of the courts and the governor’s office of the crime control and prevention. Approximately half of the operating budget is acquired through raising money from foundations, community organizations and corporate and individual contributions. The money however may not be sufficient as records show that approximately 570,000 children are removed from their homes each year and placed under foster care (Melanie, 2006). The organization should source funds from other organizations so as to be able to operate within their budget. They can get funds from organizations such as Chipotle to acquire charitable funds. This organization supports nonprofit organizations through a number of ways such as in restaurant fundraisers, donations in kind and through their scrip program (Moi, 2006). In restaurant fundraisers has been applied in schools. For instance there is a school that distributes students with a piece of paper that has an advert of a restaurant whereby parents are required to go and eat at least once after which they show the paper to the cashier who then channels the money to the school as donation (Gordon Averill, 2011). The organization can apply this strategy in its operation so as to raise funds to be able to sustain the operations. The organization can also purchase gift cards on discount from Chipotle and resale them to customers after which the difference can be used as donation to this organization (Melanie, 2006). Casa of Montgomery is eligible to apply for this programmes at Chipotle as their operations meet the requirements

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling Essay

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling - Essay Example Therefore, the following discussion aims at highlighting the different reasons that should encourage the continuity whaling in Japan. The Japanese community has always engaged in whale fishing, since the early days. The whaling fleets usually depart from the country twice annually. They head to the southern ocean sanctuary in November, where they hunt minke whales. In May, the fleets visit the Northwest Pacific to hunt different species of whales. These include minke, bryde, fin whales, sei, as well as sperm whales. Once the fishers get the whales, they process the meat, and return home with the finished product ready for consumption (Cunningham, Huijbens, & Wearing, 2012). Consequently, the activity forms a large part of the Japanese culture as it outlines the activities done on an annual basis. More to these, whaling perpetuates a sense of nationalism amongst the people, given its domestic origin. The community prides itself in the practice, as it has no western influence, unlike other activities that were introduced by colonialists. Therefore, the activity bears a long history in the country, and needs to be pr otected to maintain the culture of the people. This follows the need to pass on traditions and practices that characterize a given culture to future generations. Unlike the international community that views whales as mammals that need to be protected from extinction, the Japanese view whales as fish (Miller, & Dolsak, 2007). Consequent to this, the culture of the Japanese community believes that whales serve the significant purpose of food. Just like some communities feed on cows as a source of food, and others give it a sacred status, so does Japan see whales as a type of fish. Therefore, inhibiting whaling in Japan can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism as it interferes with their beliefs. The country should emphasize on preserving its beliefs,

Discussion Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Discussion - Dissertation Example In order to find the answer to this question, it is important to consider that whether the Saudis were provided a fair and equal opportunity to evaluate the two sides of the Bahraini conflict through analyzing the themes of the news and the leading stories published in the Saudi print media by drawing the information acquired from the content analysis and interpreting it in the wake of the various press theories. 6.1 The Performance of the Saudi Print Media during the Bahraini conflict In the analysis of the Saudi print media performance, the discussion here take in to account the news content that have been published in Al yaum Newspaper and in Al Riyadh Newspaper during the occurrence of protests and riots at the streets of Bahrain. ... Previously in this study, it has been mentioned that the coverage of the conflict in Bahrain by the Saudi Arabian press would depend extensively on the domestic sources in comparison to the foreign sources, which may be true by looking at each source individually, however, the Saudi print media seemed to be more dependent over the SPA as compared to any other single source. Since the Saudi media is indirectly governed or supervised by the Saudi Arabian government, thus this dependence was anticipated, and it is the duty of the press to carry out the agenda of the government through briefings from the SPA that lies under the supervision of Saudi Arabian Ministry of Information. Nevertheless, if the information sources are conglomerated into external and domestic sources, it get evident that the Saudi Arabian print media relied more on external sources, specifically on AFP, Reuters, UPI, AP, and other such agencies as compared to domestic sources. It is expected that this would impact the geographical perspective of the news coverage by the Saudi media, which suggests that it would emphasize over some areas of the world while neglecting the others. This is specifically significant provided the frequent research findings that the material of the Saudi media was more influential in topics that relate to the Bahraini conflict about which the readers in Saudi Arabia were ill-informed previously In fact, it was clearly found that the Saudi Arabian print media coverage of the Bahraini conflict emphasized more on to stories that emerged from the Middle East, the Western Europe, the USA, and other such foreign locations in comparison to those that emerge in the Saudi Arabia. The findings of the content analysis have been provided below: The first question: What is the

Three pieces of legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three pieces of legislation - Essay Example The safety here does not only include physical safety but it also includes protection and fortification against hostility and mistreatment. This act sets up certain responsibilities for the management (employers) as well as workers. The management is responsible for producing and executing a harassment and violence policy, for providing proper guidance and training opportunities to the workers, for recruiting people of proper age group, for making availability of emergency products and programs. Moreover the management should also have the health and safety program in black and white. The workers on the other hand are also assigned with certain responsibilities which are; they should take appropriate care of themselves and they should be careful that behavior and attitude should not affect others workers in a negative way, they are bound to pursue the protection measures in the organization, they should take part in the training and guidance programs, they should be very precautious and careful while using the machines they should also put on all the safety measures that are required, they should collaborate with the management and health committee in order to solve health and safety problems.

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling Essay

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling - Essay Example Therefore, the following discussion aims at highlighting the different reasons that should encourage the continuity whaling in Japan. The Japanese community has always engaged in whale fishing, since the early days. The whaling fleets usually depart from the country twice annually. They head to the southern ocean sanctuary in November, where they hunt minke whales. In May, the fleets visit the Northwest Pacific to hunt different species of whales. These include minke, bryde, fin whales, sei, as well as sperm whales. Once the fishers get the whales, they process the meat, and return home with the finished product ready for consumption (Cunningham, Huijbens, & Wearing, 2012). Consequently, the activity forms a large part of the Japanese culture as it outlines the activities done on an annual basis. More to these, whaling perpetuates a sense of nationalism amongst the people, given its domestic origin. The community prides itself in the practice, as it has no western influence, unlike other activities that were introduced by colonialists. Therefore, the activity bears a long history in the country, and needs to be pr otected to maintain the culture of the people. This follows the need to pass on traditions and practices that characterize a given culture to future generations. Unlike the international community that views whales as mammals that need to be protected from extinction, the Japanese view whales as fish (Miller, & Dolsak, 2007). Consequent to this, the culture of the Japanese community believes that whales serve the significant purpose of food. Just like some communities feed on cows as a source of food, and others give it a sacred status, so does Japan see whales as a type of fish. Therefore, inhibiting whaling in Japan can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism as it interferes with their beliefs. The country should emphasize on preserving its beliefs,

Three pieces of legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three pieces of legislation - Essay Example The safety here does not only include physical safety but it also includes protection and fortification against hostility and mistreatment. This act sets up certain responsibilities for the management (employers) as well as workers. The management is responsible for producing and executing a harassment and violence policy, for providing proper guidance and training opportunities to the workers, for recruiting people of proper age group, for making availability of emergency products and programs. Moreover the management should also have the health and safety program in black and white. The workers on the other hand are also assigned with certain responsibilities which are; they should take appropriate care of themselves and they should be careful that behavior and attitude should not affect others workers in a negative way, they are bound to pursue the protection measures in the organization, they should take part in the training and guidance programs, they should be very precautious and careful while using the machines they should also put on all the safety measures that are required, they should collaborate with the management and health committee in order to solve health and safety problems.

Statistics for Management Essay Example for Free

Statistics for Management Essay Q1. Define â€Å"Statistics†. What are the functions of Statistics? Distinguish between Primary data and Secondary data. Answer: Statistics: Statistics as a discipline is considered indispensable in almost all spheres of human knowledge. There is hardly any branch of study which does not use statistics. Scientific, social and economic studies use statistics in one form or another. These disciplines make-use of observations, facts and figures, enquiries and experiments etc. using statistics and statistical methods. Statistics studies almost all aspects in an enquiry. It mainly aims at simplifying the complexity of information collected in an enquiry. It presents data in asimplified form as to make them intelligible. It analyses data and facilitates drawal of conclusions. Important functions of statistics: Presents facts in simple form: Statistics presents facts and figures in a definite form. That makes the statement logical andconvincing than mere description. It condenses the whole mass of figures into a singlefigure. This makes the problem intelligible. Reduces the Complexity of data: Statistics simplifies the complexity of data. The raw data are unintelligible. We make themsimple and intelligible by using different statistical measures. Some such commonly usedmeasures are graphs, averages, dispersions, skewness, kurtosis, correlation and regressionetc. These measures help in interpretation and drawing inferences. Therefore, statisticsenables to enlarge the horizon of ones knowledge. Facilitates comparison: Comparison between different sets of observation is an important function of statistics. Comparison is necessary to draw conclusions as Professor Boddington rightly points out.† the object of statistics is to enable comparison between past and present results to ascertaint he reasons for changes, which have taken place and the effect of such changes in future. Soto determine the efficiency of any measure comparison is necessary. Statistical devices likeaverages, ratios, coefficients etc. are used for the purpose of comparison. Testing hypothesis: Formulating and testing of hypothesis is an important function of statistics. This helps indeveloping new theories. So statistics examines the truth and helps in innovating new ideas. Formulation of Policies: Statistics helps in formulating plans and policies in different fields. Statistical analysis of data forms the beginning of policy formulations. Hence, statistics is essential for planners,economists, scientists and administrators to prepare different plans and programmes. Forecasting: The future is uncertain. Statistics helps in forecasting the trend and tendencies. Statisticaltechniques are used for predicting the future values of a variable. For example a producerforecasts his future production on the basis of the present demand conditions and his pastexperiences. Similarly, the planners can forecast the future population etc. considering thepresent population trends. Derives valid inferences: Statistical methods mainly aim at deriving inferences from an e nquiry. Statistical techniques are often used by scholars’ planners and scientists to evaluate different projects. These techniques are also used to draw inferences regarding population parameters on the basis of sample information. Statistics is very helpful in the field of business, research, Education etc., some of the uses of Statistics are: Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of aphenomenon of nature. Statistics helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study. Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data. Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic andgraphic form for any easy and comprehension of the data. Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of aphenomenon through quantitative observations. Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the population parameters from the sample data. Any statistical data can be classified under two categories depending upon the sources utilized. These categories are, 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data Primary Data: Primary data is the one, which is collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of aspecific inquiry or study. Such data is original in character and is generated by surveyconducted by individuals or research institution or any organisation. 1.The collection of data by the method of personal survey is possible only if thearea covered by the investigator is small. Collection of data by sending theenumerator is bound to be expensive. Care should be taken twice that theenumerator record correct information provided by the informants. 2.Collection of primary data by framing a schedules or distributing and collecting questionnaires by post is less expensive and can be completed in shorter time. 3.Suppose the questions are embarrassing or of complicated nature or the questionsprobe into personnel affairs of individuals, then the schedules may not be filledwith accurate and correct information and hence this method is unsuitable 4.The information collected for primary data is mere reliable than those collectedfrom the secondary data.Importance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A research can be conducted withoutsecondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may have biasesbecause secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statistical surveys it isnecessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data: for example, thestatistical records of female population in a country cannot be based on newspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sources are old and secondly they contain limitedinformation as well as they can be misleading and biased. Secondary Data: Secondary data are those data which have been already collected and analysed bysome earlier agency for its own use; and later the same data are used by a different agency. According to W.A.Neiswanger, ‘ A primary source is a publication in which the data are published by the same authority which gathered and analysed them. A secondary source is apublication, reporting the data which have been gathered by other authorities and for which others are responsible’. 1.Secondary data is cheap to obtain. Many government publications are relatively cheapand libraries stock quantities of secondary data produced by the government, bycompanies and other organizations. 2.Large quantities of secondary data can be got through internet. 3.Much of the secondary data available has been collected for many years and therefore itcan be used to plot trends. 4.Secondary data is of value to: The government help in making decisions and planning future policy. Business and industry in areas such as marketing, and sales in order to appreciate the general economic and social conditions and to provide information on competitors. Research organizations by providing social, economical and industrial information. Secondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data; in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier andpossible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine the researchon secondary data. Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing toreveal it in such case too secondary data can suffice: for example, if the research is on thepsychology of transsexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not bewilling to give information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books orother published sources.

Outsourcing in the Automotive Industry

Outsourcing in the Automotive Industry The global automotive industry continues to grow worldwide at about 2.5% annually, driven by increasing car ownership in the developing economies. In the mature economies, including the UK, growth is much lower or even absent (NGAIT, 2008). Because of market proximity and local content restrictions imposed by the Governments of many developing nations who wish to encourage the establishment of local automotive sectors, the vast majority of new manufacturing capacity in the last 6 years to support this growth has been in the BRIC countries and within the EU, in Eastern Europe. Lower labour costs in these developing automotive economies have also stimulated a shift of production eastwards, but this has to date mainly affected the automotive supply base and less so vehicle assembly sites. The UK automotive industry has transformed itself in the last decade from a sector with turbulent labour relations and a poor reputation for quality and productivity to one that is fully competitive. Independent external reliability surveys put UK built cars at the top of the rankings, and productivity and labour relations are among the best in the world. Until the impact of the global financial crisis, the industry was profitable and self-sustaining in Europe and in the UK. Technology and modern management practices have transformed the shop floor environment, and product technology embraces lightweight materials, cutting edge design analysis and visualisation tools and the extensive use of integrated electronic systems to extend digital control to most functions of the car. The climate change agenda is accelerating technological change at an unprecedented rate, and the industry in Europe and the UK has embraced the CO2 challenge and is investing heavily in people and technology to provide innovative solutions while continuing to offer exciting, safe and satisfying products that people want to buy. In 2008, 1.65 million vehicles and 3 million engines were built in the UK, by a diverse range of manufacturers in car, commercial vehicle, off-road and premium vehicle sectors. The vehicle production levels (until the present recession beg an) were relatively stable for some years, but employment has been declining as productivity improved and there has been severe hollowing out of the supply chain. This is important because about 75% of the value of material in a new vehicle is added by the supply chain (NGAIT, 2008). Literature review: Manufacturing outsourcing continuum: There is much debate in the management literature on defining outsourcing (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000; Harland et al., 2005). The definitions of outsourcing relevant to supply chain management emerge from these elements: Outsourcing implies a business relationship between two parties: the outsourcing subject (also called the principal or the client) who makes the decision of whether to outsource or not; and an external outsourcing firm (Arnold, 2000). The objects of outsourcing are general business processes or processes results which might be outsourced (Arnold, 2000; Kimura, 2002). This can include core (e.g. manufacturing, marketing, RD) as well as support (e.g. maintenance, accounting, IT, logistics) processes (Gilley et al., 2004). Outsourcing is not simply a purchasing decision. While all firms purchase elements of their operations, outsourcing is less common and represents the fundamental decision to reject the internalization of an activity (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). Thus, outsourcing occurs in two situations. First, is when the client outsources objects that were originally sourced internally, resulting from a vertical disintegration decision (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). Second, when the client sources objects that, although they have not been completed in-house in the past, are within the clients capabilities and hence could have been sourced internally notwithstanding the decision to go outside (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000; Van Mieghem, 1999). The outsourced objects are specific to the client. That is, the outsourced activities are performed according to a plan, specification, form, or design, of varying detail, provided by the client (Kimura, 2002; Van Mieghem, 1999; Webster et al., 1997). Hence, a firm buying an off-the-shelf, standardized component or a suppliers proprietary part is not considered outsourcing, because no customization is performed for the buyer. The client may outsource all or part of a process or process result (Gilley et al., 2004). For example, the outsourcing of manufacturing processes may take the form of a part, component, or a finished product (Harland et al., 2005). Manufacturing outsourcing: Throughout the 1990s a remarkable increase of outsourcing activities by firms has been observed. It has been hypothesized that this increase results from the decline in transaction costs in connection with the intensified use of information technology (Abraham and Taylor, 1996). Today, activities that used to be performed in-house (e.g. auditing, maintenance, repair, transportation, janitorial and legal services) are usually outsourced to firms in the business service sector. Consequently, outsourcing has contributed significantly to the growth of business-related services during the last decade (Fixler and Siegel, 1999). Moreover, manufacturing firms are outsourcing not only services but also internal production. One prominent example is the automotive industry, where some large car manufacturers only perform the final assemblage of major parts whose production is outsourced to external suppliers. Since this type of outsourcing quite often occurs at an international level, it is als o closely entwined with the globalization process (Feenstra and Hanson, 1996). Various aspects of the trend to outsource have been discussed in the academic literature. A large literature starting with the seminal paper by Coase (1937) and papers by Grossman and Hart (1986), Bolton and Whinston (1993) and Grossman and Helpman (2002) examines theoretically a firms decision of whether to produce in-house or to outsource. At the heart of this literature are issues concerned with transaction costs and, in particular, incomplete contracts leading to either vertical integration or specialisation. Lyons (1995) provides an empirical application to evaluate the importance of transaction costs theory for firms outsourcing decisions. The trade related aspects of outsourcing have also attracted increasing attention in the literature. Trade theoretic models such as Deardorff (2001), Jones and Kierzkowski (2001) and Kohler (2001) examine the effects of trade in fragmented products on countries patterns of specialisation and resulting implications for factor prices. On the empirical side recent papers by Feenstra and Hanson (1996, 1999) and Gorg et al. (2001) have analysed the effect of international outsourcing (or fragmentation) on relative wages and labour demand using industry level data for the US and UK respectively. In line with traditional HOS trade theory these papers find that international outsourcing (moving low skill intensive production to low skill abundant countries) leads to increased demand and increases in the wage premium for high skilled workers in the US and UK. Egger and Egger (2001) investigate the effect of outsourcing on the productivity of low skilled labour in the EU using industry level d ata. They find that increases in outsourcing have a negative effect on low skilled labour productivity in the short run, but a positive effect in the long run. Drivers of manufacturing outsourcing: There have been several studies that have examined the motivations for and benefits of outsourcing. Abraham and Taylor (1996) identified three reasons for outsourcing: Savings on wage and benefit payments, Transfer of demand uncertainty to the outside contractor Access to specialized skills and inputs that the organization cannot itself possess. Kakabadse and Kakabadse (2000) report that the main reasons for outsourcing are: Economic: greater specialization in the provision of services, as outsourcing allows economies of scale and the longevity of demand for the activity; Quality: access to skills, the competency and focus of potential suppliers and geographical coverage is increased; and Innovation: improvements in quality through innovation, and the development of new service products, can lead to new demands. Bendor-Samuel (1998) also asserts that outsourcing provides certain power that is not available within an organizations internal departments. This power can have many dimensions: economies of scale, process expertise, access to capital, access to expensive technology, etc. The combination of these dimensions creates the cost savings inherent in outsourcing, because the outsourcing supplier (the organization specializing in a particular business function) has the economy of scale, the expertise and the capital investments in leading technology to perform the same tasks more efficiently and effectively than the internal departments of the outsourcing buyer . Another possible benefit is that outsourcing provides companies with greater capacity for flexibility, especially in the purchase of rapidly developing new technologies, fashion goods, or the myriad components of complex systems (Carlson, 1989; Harrison, 1994). Companies can buy technology from a supplier that would be too expensive to replicate internally. A network of suppliers could provide an organization with the ability to adjust the scale and scope of their production capability upward or downward, at a lower cost, in response to changing demand conditions and at a rapid rate. As such, outsourcing claims to provide greater flexibility than the vertically integrated organization (Carlson, 1989; Harrison, 1994; Domberger, 1998). Furthermore, outsourcing can decrease the product/process design cycle time, if the client uses multiple best-in-class suppliers, who work simultaneously on individual components of the process (Quinn and Hilmer, 1994). Issues in manufacturing outsourcing: The case against outsourcing is based on arguments such as loss of management control, reduction in flexibility and increased costs. For instance, competitive outsourcing requires a high standard of supplier management to avoid the pitfalls of transferring critical functionality, or becoming too dependent on a supplier for day-today performance of vital business functions. In addition, outsourcing can generate new risks, such as the loss of critical skills, developing the wrong skills, the loss of cross-functional skills, and the loss of control over suppliers (Domberger, 1998; Quinn and Hilmer, 1994). The possible loss of flexibility is connected to the typical long-term contractual relationship that is formed as part of an outsourcing agreement, and that during the contract term, the customers business, the available technology, and the competitive and regulatory environment may change dramatically. Thus, this inflexibility is mostly linked to an unyielding and inappropriate contra ct. Although outsourcing is undertaken by many organizations to control or reduce costs, there is some evidence that it does not decrease costs as expected, and in some cases, costs increase. For instance, when an item is outsourced, the assumption is that the suppliers costs and required contribution is less and will continue to be less than the cost of internal provision. A survey based on 1000 managers worldwide by the PA Consulting Group (PACG) revealed that only 5% of organizations gained high levels of economic benefit from outsourcing (PA ConsultingGroup (PACG), 1996) and that 39% of organizations admitted mediocre economic benefit. Also, as outsourcing leads to a re-definition of organizational boundaries and, by implication, structural adjustments involving human resources, these changes incur social as well as financial costs. Although the social costs are transitory and can be mitigated by facilitating the adjustments through the re-training and redeployment of staff with in the organization, their transfer to the supplier organization and ensuing redundancy payouts can still be considerable (Domberger, 1998; Hall and Domberger, 1995). Also, outsourcing can lead to industrial disputes between employers and employees, which in turn can damage morale, trust and productivity. Experts maintain that global supply chains are more difficult to manage than domestic supply chains (Dornier et al., 1998; Wood et al., 2002; MacCarthy and Atthirawong, 2003). Substantial geographical distances in these global situations not only increase transportation costs, but complicate decisions because of inventory cost tradeoffs due to increased lead-time in the supply chain. Different local cultures, languages, and practices diminish the effectiveness of business processes such as demand forecasting and material planning. Similarly, infrastructural deficiencies in developing countries in transportation and telecommunications, as well as inadequate worker skills, supplier availability, supplier quality, equipment and technology provide challenges normally not experienced in developed countries. These difficulties inhibit the degree to which a global supply chain provides a competitive advantage. Cost benefits of manufacturing outsourcing: In the absence of transaction costs, a firm will decide to outsource when the market price for an outsourced activity is lower than internal marginal cost for that activity (Fixler and Siegel, 1999). It is an unresolved empirical issue whether outsourcing actually has a positive influence on a firms performance as is expected a priori. Some case studies have reported that firms tend to underestimate the transaction costs associated with outsourcing. For instance, it has been documented that some firm have again in-sourced activities that were previously performed by external firms, because they were dissatisfied with the quality or because they have underestimated the amount of asset specific investments (Benson, 1999; Gornig and Ring, 2000; Young and Macneil, 2000). A few studies have analysed the impact of outsourcing on firm efficiency (Heshmati, 2002). Although efficiency is certainly an important aspect of firm performance, it neglects the product market performance of firms. Fo r instance, even if efficiency of firms remains unchanged after outsourcing of internal production, higher quality of intermediate inputs might result in higher quality of final products and hence higher sales and higher margins. The lack of empirical studies on the link between outsourcing and firm performance might be also due to a limited availability of suitable micro data for analysing this subject. Theoretical considerations for manufacturing outsourcing: In theory, efficient firms will allocate their resources within the value chain to those activities that give them a comparative advantage (Shank and Govindarajan, 1992). Other activities that do not offer such advantages will be outsourced to external suppliers. When firms engage in outsourcing, they assess the productivity of their in-house service functions and decide to outsource if others can provide comparable services cheaper. Basically, when firms outsource activities and functions related to producing their products and services, they move towards a business strategy based on core competencies, a set of skills and knowledge that helps maintain their competitive advantage in serving customers (Porter, 1985; Sharpe, 1997). Thus outsourcing is expected to imply cost savings relative to internal production or internal service functions. This will be the case if outside suppliers benefit from specialized knowledge and/or economies of scale (Heshmati, 2002). However, recent work by Grossman and Helpman (2002) shows that the choice between continued internal production or an outsourcing decision means taking into consideration more than just production cost differences. According to transaction cost economics, outsourcing is desirable only when transaction costs incurring from asset specificity, incomplete contracting and search efforts are lower than the production cost advantage (Williamson, 1971). In addition, the attractiveness of outsourcing to a certain producer may well depend on how many firms can potentially provide the inputs it needs. As mentioned above, some case studies have also reported that benefits from outsourcing are quite often not derived immediately and that managers tend to overestimate the resulting benefits and underestimate the involved transaction costs (Benson, 1999; Gornig and Ring, 2000; Young and Macneil, 2000). Earlier works: Wasner (1999) presents a state-of-the-art view on the outsourcing process by combining a thorough literature review with two independent case studies of the Swedish aircraft industry (Saab AB) and the electronics industry (Ericsson Radio Systems AB and one key supplier Swedform Metall AB). The first case concentrates on outsourcing of aircraft sub-systems and subsequent in-sourcing of related software activities, whereas the second case deals with outsourcing of radio base station production. However, he argues that the process of carrying out the transfer of an activity from being internally controlled to becoming externally managed is equally difficult because of interdependencies at the operational level. The effects of outsourcing are far reaching in terms of physical, temporal and organisational reach. Physically, because there is an inherent complication of losing control as an activity is turned over to an external supplier. Temporally, because it is difficult to estimate how conditions will change over time. Organisationally, because outsourcing involves converting decisions at the strategic level into actions at the operational level and transferring functions from one organisation to another.

Cure for Axillary Hyperhydrosis Essay -- Sweat Sweating Botox Treatmen

Cure for Axillary Hyperhydrosis Sweating is a natural process for all animals. Broadly speaking, we sweat so that our brains do not overheat. The brain can easily overheat if the temperature rises too high because it consumes a very large amount (twenty percent) of our metabolic energy. The brain and temperature relationship is extremely sensitive because it has been studied that brain damage is apparent if the brain temperature is raised to 106 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, in order for the brain to not reach this temperature, there must be a system that moderates the temperature—this cooling system is commonly referred to as sweating. When humans sweat, the surface of their skin is cooled, and the skin is then able to cool the blood headed to the brain. The sweat glands are in charge of carrying out this important system. There are two components to the sweat glands: the apocrine glands and the eccrine glands. The apocrine glands contribute the odor component to sweat and are associated with hair follicles, and the eccrine glands are the actual glands responsible for the secretion of sweat on the skin to lower the body temperature. (http://home.flash.net/~mortongr/sweat.htm) Dr. Richard G. Glogau explained that: â€Å"Eccrine sweat evaporates on the surface of the skin and effects a transfer of heat, primarily by direct conduction from the vascular supply to the skin. Sweating can reach volumes measured in liters per hour,† (1998, p.817). Between two and four million of these glands are found deep in the skin of the palms of hands, in the soles of feet and under the axillary skin. (Glogau, 1998) These glands secrete a very dilute solution of urea and lactic acid (Odderson, 1998). http://www.hyperhidrosi... ...perhidrosis with Botulinum Toxin. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 24, 280-2. Heckmann, M., Breit, S., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Schaller, M., & Plewig, G. (1999). Side-controlled Intradermal Injection of Botulinum Toxin A in Recalcitrant Axillary Hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 41, 987-90. Naumann, M. et al. (1998). Focal Hyperhidrosis: Effective Treatment With Intracutaneous Botulinum Toxin. Archives of Dermatology, 134, 301-4. Odderson, Ib R. (1998). Axillary Hyperhidrosis: Treatment With Botulinum Toxin A. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 350-2. Odderson, I.R. (1998). Hyperhidrosis Treated by Botulinum A Exotoxin. Dermatol Surg, 24, 1237-41. Schnider, P. et al. (1999). A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled trial of Botulinum A Toxin for Severe Axillary Hyperhidrosis. British Journal of Dermatology, 140, 677-80.

Leading Edge :: essays research papers fc

The Leading Edge Management in organizations today are trying to capture both quality and productivity (bottom line results) from their employees, and are spending millions of dollars in time, capital, and human resources. However, without the proper paradigm shift in leadership roles, which must include a new appreciation on the importance of principled centered leadership that recognizes that people are the highest value in any organization, the investment no matter how great will not accomplish their goals. Managers today have to become more effective in leading and managing their employees. They have to start with a new mind set, change their frame of reference, change how they see the world, how they think about people, and how they view management and leadership. This will bring about quantum improvements in their organization. (Covey) Today's authoritarian style puts managers at a higher level of importance than that of his employees, he makes the decision, gives the commands, and workers conf orm and cooperate, perform and contribute as requested to receive the rewards of pay and other benefits. When managers accept that the "old way" of doing things is not fundamentally the right way, and they shift to a new style that puts principle-centered leadership first, a unique relationship will develop. They will see that people have more creative energy, resourcefulness, and initiative to contribute when they feel valued and their accomplishments are valued. When managers begin to work with the whole person and embrace principles of fairness and kindness and make better use of their talents, than people have a sense of doing something that matters, something with meaning. (Covey) In my organization we are fast paced and deadline driven, each of us has to train and depend on our employees decision making process. I know which of my employees can handle which tasks and set goals for each according to their abilities. I usually get them together in a group to discuss wh at our immediate objectives are. I encourage input from every level, including our part time employees, so everyone feels included and when we achieve goals, everyone wins. We monitor our progress, and meet frequently if a problem arises, and are very quick to praise each other when we have moved closer to our goals. I feel including everyone in this process gives everyone a sense of ownership in the organization. My employees want to contribute, they take great pride in helping in the decision making process, their sense of meaning and worth are just as great a reward as any paycheck could be.

Cattle Ranching and It’s Increasing Affect on Deforestation Essay

One may not look at the hamburger in their hands and automatically think, â€Å"What was done to our environment in order to make this delicious piece of meat?† but it really is a question that any meat consumer should consider. Believe it or not, eating that one hamburger indirectly causes the rate of deforestation to increase every single day! It actually is quite simple how this hamburger affects both our environment and agriculture. In order for meat industries to be able to distribute their products to consumers, they need the cattle to be raised, fed, and grown and of course, cattle ranchers need a place to raise their cattle. In order for these ranchers to have space for the cattle to do so, trees are actually being cut down to make room for these pastures. In turn, one of the largest impacts that the meat industry has on our environment is its contribution to the ever-increasing rise of deforestation all over the world. The thing that most people do not realize is that the land being used to raise the meat that they consume, was once a flourishing forest. This process of deforestation starts when the land inside a forest is cut through to make a reasonable enough size path for a road to reside. Once the area for the road is cleared, commercial farmers will move in and start to grow crops. The problem with this is that rainforest soil is not efficient enough to handle crops that need sustainable soil. Needless to say, the crops do not endure for more than two to three years. More often than not, ranchers use the remnants of these now beaten down crops and grassy fields for their cattle to graze. There are many negative impacts caused by this deforestation and pasture conversion. With every tree cut down and cleared away, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted into our atmosphere and pollute the air. The trees act as a sort of â€Å"canopy† and absorb much of the carbon to convert into woody tissue. Without having trees as tools of absorption, the carbon instead invades the air in which we breathe. Along with deforestation, the actual production of the aforementioned farming and meat industry emits many harmful chemicals into our world. According to Environmental Defense, if every American skipped one meal of chicken per week and substituted vegeta rian foods instead, the carbon dioxide savings would be the same as taking more than a half-million cars off U.S. roads. (Goveg.com). This goes hand in hand with deforestation because the production, from the cutting down of the trees and the processing that must occur, there are many harmful gases, like carbon dioxide, being emitted into the air. Soil degradation is also an outcome of this deforestation caused by the need for grazing land. The soil in the rainforests is very fragile. The different nutrients that the soil gains come from fallen leaves and branches from the trees. The trees also help to protect the soil from the radiating sun and any torrential rain. Native grasses provide few nutrients and little protection for the soil and the overgrazing actually accelerates the nutrient loss and erosion. The worst part is that livestock production compounds this damage, making it irreversible. To put things even more into perspective, here is another frightening fact: it only takes between five to ten years for the overgrazing and nutrient loss caused by cattle and deforestation to turn the rainforest land into an eroded wasteland. An area of rainforest the size of seven football fields is destroyed every minute to make room for grazing cattle (Goveg.com). In contrast to those who eat meat, vegetarians save one acre of trees every year by eating a meat-free diet, thereby saving the need to cut down the trees for grazing purposes (Goveg.com). This is the true because if there is a decrease in the demand for meat, then there is a decrease in the amount trees being cut down since fewer cattle will need room to graze. The next time someone picks up a burger, I suggest you say to them, â€Å"I bet you didn’t know by eating that burger you are also killing acres of trees†¦.† Works Cited Achor, Amy Blount. Animal Rights: A Beginner’s Guide. Ohio: WriteWare, Inc., 1996. Brown, Michael L. â€Å"Limiting Corrupt Incentives in a Global REDD Regime.† Ecology Law Quarterly (2010): 237-267. â€Å"Cattle Ranching and Deforestation.† Live Stock Policy Brief. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 13 Sept. 2010 â€Å"Eating For Life.†GoVeg.com: Vegetarian and Vegan Information. PETA. Web. 8 Apr. 2010. . Fox, Michael Allen. â€Å"Vegetarianism and Planetary Health.† Ethics and Environment (2000):163-174.

Force Majeure In Construction Contracts Essay

In handling a project, one of the most important is looking at the project plan. In the project plan, it almost includes all the necessary information from the high level up to not so much low level or details of the project. It is also the starting point of any project which is being initiated mostly by over-all project manager, Project manager must not only look at the financial or what we call budget or the resources that will be needed or even the schedules or time frame of the project. What are most important actually are the main obligations and what do we expect for the contractor, if wee are talking about construction project. Its main obligation and what are not part of their obligation. The most interesting part is what is not their part of work and what are the liabilities that they may have while doing the project as well as after the project. Questions like, what if†¦this happen, are they liable to it? All of the things that would possibly happen must be clearly stated in the contract, because if the building collapses due to an earthquake, what are the liabilities, if there is how it can be measured or be said that they have such liability to the building they have constructed. That is the main purpose of this paper, to discuss clearly what force majeure is, what are the effects to the parties involved and how it can be applied well. What is Force Majeure? Its Scope and Existence Force Majeure comes from French term meaning â€Å"great force† it is a common clause which primarily frees obligation of one or both of the parties from certain liability that are usually unexpected and commonly called as Act of God. These are such as: flood, earthquake, war, snowstorm, etc. Force majeure is not intended for the obligating parties to be excused to certain obligation, this is just intended to have it clearly stated in the contract in order for the parties to be none liable to certain occurrence which are obvious to be not within their responsibility. But, there are some cases wherein force majeure is customized in some projects where liability may also occur and not just claiming all into as force majeure clause which in any case the ruling will all depend on the gravity of the situation and looking again at the written and agreed contract. In other words force majeure is also stated as exceptional matters or events that are beyond the control of either party or overwhelming superhuman events. Like in the case of military, force majeure may be represented by a different meaning. It pertains to an event either it is internal or external, for instance a military vessel that allows to enter normally in another area without restriction or penalty, a very recent example is in the US Navy aircraft that landed at the Chinese territory after a collision with a Chinese fighter, where the aircraft is allowed to land without any restriction, as it was stated under the principle of force majeure. (Force Majeure, 2007). Effects to the Parties As earlier stated the effects of force majeure have provided great effect for both parties. The force majeure clause since it can be drafted differently, it may assume differently. That is why it should be well enlightened with clear use of precise words and must take into consideration the effect of nature and most especially it must include the general terms of the contract. Take for instance in the case of C. Czarnikow Ltd. v. Centralla Handlu Zagranicznego Rolimpex (1977) the English Court of Appeal held the defendants could in the circumstances of the case rely upon a force majeure clause which provided that if delivery was prevented, inter alia, by ‘government intervention beyond the seller’s control’ the contract would be void without penalty. But in some cases, employers or contractors may be relieve from their main responsibility like another example is when the union of the company set a strike. Another good example is when the contractors may ask for extension of the project, due to devastation of typhoon in the construction site, which is most likely very logical. But the over-all effect of these situations will be tremendous since it would impact the plan of the company. But, the company and contractors, must still need to double check clearly if what was agreed upon in the contract, is the situation really covers and part of the force majeure clause or not. Because, there are certain instances that it would still be part of the liability of the party or parties. (Hussin, Abdul Aziz, n. d. ). Force Majeure in Contracts It is very clear based from it sets of meaning and rules that there is no damages that are recoverable from a party who has been prevented from performing their contract by force majeure. That is why an event that will not be force majeure except: (1) it makes performance of the contract impossible; (2) it was unforeseeable; and (3) it was irresistible, both in its occurrence and its effects. Importance of Force Majeure The main importance of force majeure clause in a contract, most especially in a construction project is that it does not only provide a clear cut obligation for both of the parties. It also gives a deeper understanding by both parties, what are must to be included in the force majeure clause and what are not. Because, not all must be included or else there are times wherein contractors may also be just relieving themselves to certain obligation which might come and with that it will be an unfair treatment for the requesting company. Like for example, a coal supply agreement, the mining company may seek to have â€Å"geological risk† included as a Force Majeure event, however the mining company should be doing extensive exploration and analysis of its geological reserves and should not even be negotiating a coal supply agreement if it cannot take the risk that there may be a geological limit to its coal supply from time to time. The outcome of that negotiation, of course, depends on the relative bargaining power of the parties and there will be cases where Force Majeure clauses can be used by a party effectively to escape liability for horrific performance. The General Effect of Force Majeure To further understand force majeure concept, these are the many general effects of force majeure: (1) neither party will be liable if it is prevented from performing its operation by a force majeure event; (2) a force majeure event is something external to the parties (such as an â€Å"act of God†, or disruption to their equipment or machinery); (3) the event should be both beyond their control and such that they could not have prevented the event, or the consequent failure in performance, by the exercise of due diligence; (4) an obligation to pay money will not be suspended by a force majeure event; (5) the party affected by the force majeure must notify the other party and use due diligence to remove the disruption and resume performance of its obligations. In other words, the effect must be beyond the control of both parties and the other party must know the situation in order to also make some adjustment on the issues. (Adlam, JG, 2007). Maui Gas Contract In the company’s contract, it clearly defined and enlisted the following situations or events that will be part of the force majeure clause, and these are: acts of God, strikes, lockouts or other industrial disturbances, acts of the Queen’s enemies, sabotage, wars, blockades, insurrections, riots, epidemics, landslides, lightning, earthquakes, floods, storms, fires, washouts, arrests and restraints of rulers and peoples, civil disturbances, explosions, breakage of or accident to machinery or lines of pipe, freezing of wells or delivery facilities, well blowouts, craterings, the order of any court or governmental authority, the necessity for making repairs to or reconditioning wells, machinery, equipment or pipelines (not resulting from the fault or negligence of such party), or any other act or omission occasioned by any cause beyond the control of the party invoking this Article. But it has to be well observed and studied if both parties did not perform negligence towa rds its duty. Because if there will be cases proven that there are failure in the duties made by either parties and at the same time reasonable. There will also be no such condition or occasion affecting the performance of this Agreement by any party shall continue to relieve the party affected thereby from liability or to hold in abeyance a cause of action, after the expiration of a reasonable period of time within which by the use of due diligence such party could have remedied the situation preventing its performance, nor shall any such circumstance or occurrence relieve any party from its obligation to make payment of amounts then due hereunder nor shall any such circumstance or occurrence affected thereby from liability or hold in abeyance a cause of action unless such party shall give notice of such circumstance or occurrence in writing with reasonable promptness; and like notice shall be given upon termination of such circumstance or occurrence. (Adlam, JG, 2007). Atlantic Paper Stock Ltd. v. St. Anne-Nackawic Pulp & Paper Co. , decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1975. In this case the mill company had a force m ajeure clause in a contract with the company that supplied waste paper. The force majeure clause excused the mill from purchasing its required amount of waste paper as a result of an act of God, the Queen’s or public enemies, war, the authority of law, strikes, the destruction or damage to production facilities, or the nonavailability of markets for pulp or corrugating medium. The latter condition became important when the markets failed. It was necessary for the court to determine the meaning of this event. The Chief Justice comments on interpretation of force majeure clauses have shaped all subsequent cases. An act of God clause or force majeure clause, and it is within such a clause that the words â€Å"non-availability of markets† are found, generally operates to discharge a contracting party when a supervening, sometimes supernatural, event, beyond control of either party, makes performance impossible. (Construction Contracts: Defining & Shifting the Risk, 2004). Application of the Interstate: and Sales Full Disclosure Act to Condominium Projects and Single Family Homes This is with regards to contract provision and circumstances of non-performance as well as the focus on force majeure clause. That it must be carefully stated in order to ensure that they will not be interpreted by courts as undercutting the obligation to complete construction within two years. As with limitation of damages sought by purchasers, state law controls in determining whether or not a specific provision undercuts the seller’s obligation to complete construction within two years. In this project the possibility of impossibility of performance due to unexpected and uncontrolled event is limited. Because this can only happen if one of the party completely discharged its obligation under the contract. The only recognize part of force majeure in this case may come from â€Å"bad whether† which may also cover some instances or events that may affect the implementation of the projects, such as earthquake, flood, strikes, fires, etc. In other words, it was clearly stated that non-performance may not be possible to be part of the force majeure clause since it can only happen if one of the partner completely abandoned or removed its obligation while the list of events that will be covered under force majeure was clearly to avoid confusion. (Chasnow, Robert, 2007). Hungary 10 December 1996 Budapest Arbitration proceeding Vb 96074 This case was actually between Yugoslavian company and Hungarian Company. The Yugoslavian company sold and delivered caviar to a Hungarian company. Based on their agreed contract â€Å"the buyer has to pick up the fish eggs at the seller’s address and take the goods to his facilities in Hungary†. Payment was due two weeks after the delivery of the goods, at which time the UN embargo against Yugoslavia took effect in Hungary. The seller assigned the claim for the price of the goods to a company located in Cyprus. The buyer acknowledged the assignment, but could not pay on the basis that the UN embargo was a force majeure. The arbitral court found that the damage caused by force majeure had to be borne by the party to whom the risk had passed the buyer. In this connection, the arbitral court found it necessary to point out that the risk of freight had to be borne by the buyer, unless the contract of the parties or the applicable law provided otherwise as stated in article 67 of CISG. The [buyer] could not be exculpated by proving that the damage was owing to an act or omission of the seller based from the article 66 of CISG. The result was that the court held that the buyer was obliged to pay the price of the delivered goods with interest. (Hungary 10 December 1996 Budapest Arbitration proceeding Vb 96074, 1996). Case T-41/97 R, Antillean Rice Mills NV v Council, Order of the Court of First Instance of 21 March 1997, [1997] ECR II-447 In this case the Antillean Rice Mills exports rice from the Dutch Antilles to the EC Council Regulation No. 304/97 which has introduced a safeguard measure in the form of a tariff quota for the period of 1 January to 30 April 1997. The safeguard measure was justified because of the instability of the Community market of a certain type of milled rice, Indica, which was being sold at a price considerably lower than the intervention price. Antillean Rice Mills brought an action for annulment of the aforesaid Regulation before the Court of First Instance and asked the Court to suspend its application during the course of the action. The applicant argued that if interim measures were not granted, the company risked suffering serious and irreparable harm; first because it would have to dismiss 80 out of a total of 117 employees, with consequent loss of know-how and, second, because it risked losing its business relationships and market shares due to the impossibility of satisfying the orders of its clients. The Court dismissed the application on the basis that the applicant failed to prove the irreparable nature of the damage caused by the immediate implementation of the measure. According to settled case law, `damage of financial nature is not in principle considered to be serious and irreparable’, unless the alleged damage threatens the existence of the company concerned or it cannot be quantified. The alleged temporary loss of productivity with the consequent restructuring of the company and loss of market shares were not found to be irreparable damage that could not be rectified by appropriate compensation if the Regulation was annulled. Second, the suspension would deprive the Regulation of its effectiveness in the event that the main plea was dismissed and the Regulation upheld. If low-price rice imported from the OCTs continued to overflow the market, the Community rice producers would have no incentive to change over to Indica rice, which was the purpose of the safeguard measure. In this situation, since permanent damage was not proved, the Court upheld the Community interest in the direct application of the actions. (Case T-41/97 R, Antillean Rice Mills NV v Council, Order of the Court of First Instance of 21 March 1997, [1997] ECR II-447, n. d. ). Conclusion In this paper it shows that force majeur does not immediately means that it can derived from an event that are beyond the control of the parties or act of God, like earthquake, flood, etc. It can also include certain damage to production, like machine breakdowns and strikes by employees. It also stated here that force majeur must be carefully studied and validated before any project may be started. Obligations of both parties must also be specified in the contract in order not to encounter confusion on what is really part of the force majeure clause and those that are purely obligatory to both parties. References Adlam, JG. â€Å"Force Majeure Events Commercial and Legal Consequences. † Ministry of Economic Development – Crown Minerals. 28 August 2007 â€Å"Case T-41/97 R, Antillean Rice Mills NV v Council, Order of the Court of First Instance of 21 March 1997, [1997] ECR II-447. † International Trade Developments, Including Commercial Defence Actions XIII. n. d. Chasnow, Robert. â€Å"Application of the Interstate :and Sales Full Disclosure Act to Condominium Projects and Single Family Homes. † Holland+Knight. 2007 â€Å"Construction Contracts: Defining & Shifting the Risk. † Stewart McKelvey. 7 July 2004 â€Å"Firma Milch-, Fett- und Eierkontor GmbH v Bundesanstalt fur landwirtschaftliche Marktordnung, Reference for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt am Main – Germany, Butter from stock – Force majeure. † European Court reports 1979. 1979 â€Å"Force Majeure. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 18 October 2007 < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Force_majeure> â€Å"Hungary 10 December 1996 Budapest Arbitration proceeding Vb 96074. † CISG Case Presentation. 1996 Hussin, Abdul Aziz. â€Å"Force Majeure Clause. † University Sains Malaysia. n. d. Eriksen, Eivind. â€Å"Terrorism and Force Majeure in International Contracts. † Bond Law Review. 2004